Rox at 10:42, 9 March 2025

2025-03-09T10:42:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:42, 9 March 2025
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−	'''Czisilian''' (''ċīslum'' [ˈt͡ʃi:slʉm], ''lum ċīsīlā'' [lʉm ˈt͡ʃi:si:la:]) is a [[Milevic languages\|Czisilic]] language spoken in [[Czisilia]]. It descended from [[Old High Czisilian language\|Old High Czisilian]], which was the ''lingua franca'' of the [[Milevic Empire]]. Its closest relative is [[~~Lhidian~~ language\|~~Lhidian~~]].	+	'''Czisilian''' (''ċīslum'' [ˈt͡ʃi:slʉm], ''lum ċīsīlā'' [lʉm ˈt͡ʃi:si:la:]) is a [[Milevic languages\|Czisilic]] language spoken in [[Czisilia]]. It descended from [[Old High Czisilian language\|Old High Czisilian]], which was the ''lingua franca'' of the [[Milevic Empire]]. Its closest relative is [[Hle Lun language\|Hle Lun]].

	==History==		==History==

Rox at 11:12, 22 March 2023

2023-03-22T11:12:58Z

Show changes

imported>Rox: Created page with "{{Infobox language | name = Czisilian | nativename = ''zom çisnak'' | pronunciation = [zom ˈt͡ɕɪs.nak̚] | states = Czisilia | ethnicit..."

2021-06-25T13:23:15Z

Created page with "{{Infobox language | name = Czisilian | nativename = ''zom çisnak'' | pronunciation = [zom ˈt͡ɕɪs.nak̚] | states = Czisilia | ethnicit..."

New page

{{Infobox language
| name = Czisilian
| nativename = ''zom çisnak''
| pronunciation = [zom ˈt͡ɕɪs.nak̚]
| states = [[Czisilia]]
| ethnicity = [[Czisil people]]
| speakers = X
| date =
| speakers2 =
| familycolor = Milevic
| fam2 = Southern Milevic
| fam3 =
| fam4 =
| ancestor = [[Old High Czisilian language|Old High Czisilian]]
| ancestor2 =
| script = [[Milevic alphabet]]
| nation = {{flag|Czisilia}}
| minority =
| agency =
| lingua =
| map =
| mapcaption = Areas where Czisilian is the majority language (medium blue) or a minority language (light blue)
| map2 =
| mapcaption2 =
| glottorefname = Czisilian
}}

'''Czisilian''' (''çissom'' [ˈt͡ɕɪs.som], ''zom çisnak'' [zom ˈt͡ɕɪs.nak̚]) is a [[Milevic languages|Southern Milevic]] language spoken in [[Czisilia]]. It descended from [[Old High Czisilian language|Old High Czisilian]], which was the official language of the [[Milevic Empire]]. Its closest relative is [[Lhidian language|Lhidian]].

==History==
===Old High Czisilian===
{{main|Old High Czisilian language}}

===Modern Czisilian===

==Geographic distribution==
===Yazland===

==Varieties==

==Current status and importance==

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonant phonemes in Czisilian
!colspan=2|
![[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]/ [[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo- palatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|n
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]
!{{small|Plain}}
|p • b
|t • d
|
|(c)
|k
|-
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]}}
|pʰ
|tʰ
|
|(cʰ)
|kʰ
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|Plain}}
|
|t͡s • d͡z
|t͡ɕ
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]}}
|
|t͡sʰ
|t͡ɕʰ
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|(f • v)
|s • z
|ɕ • ʑ
|(ç)
|x • ɣ
|-
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|w
|l
|
|j
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|}

Consonants in Czisilian undergo some allophonic shifts:
* '''fortition''' – the labiovelar approximant /w/ becomes [v] before consonants (e.g. ''i'''w'''ne'' [ʏ̜vne] "mountain-{{small|ERG}}"). Before voiceless consonants, this becomes a voiceless [f] (e.g. ''bi'''w'''t'' [bʏ̜ft̚] "sentence").
* '''palatalisation''' – before the front vowel ''i'', the velar consonants /k kʰ x/ become [c cʰ ç] respectively (e.g. '''''k'''is'' [cɪs] "it", ''co'''kh'''is'' [t͡socʰɪs] "reign, power, sovereignty"). Due to Czisilian's sound changes from Old High Czisilian, the palatal fricative [ç] is more commonly found in loan words (e.g. '''''h'''ië'''h'''iarë'' [çiɘçiɐɾɘ] "terror bird").

===Vowels===
Czisilian has 7 vowels, separated into 3 classes:
* 3 '''back vowels''' – /ʉ o ɑ/. The open vowel /ɑ/ is reduced to [ɐ] when unstressed.
* 3 '''front vowels''' – /ɪ e ɛ/.
* A '''neutral vowel''' – /ɘ/.

==Writing system==

==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Czisilian verbs conjugate for 4 tenses:
* '''present tense''' – marked with ''-i'' (e.g. ''khol'''i''''' "I run")
* '''past imperfective tense''' – marked with ''-mĕ'' (e.g. ''khol'''mĕ''''' "I was running")
* '''past perfective tense''' – marked with ''-me'' (e.g. ''khol'''me''''' "I ran")
* '''future tense''' – marked by reduplicating the final consonant (unless it is a stop or an affricate) and adding ''-ut'' (e.g. ''khol'''lut''''' "I will run")

Additionally, there are 4 modal markers:
* '''subjunctive''' – marked with ''-un'', or ''-on'' after alveolar consonants (e.g. ''khol'''on''''')
* '''passive voice''' – marked with ''-thĕ'' (e.g. ''khol'''thĕ''''')
* '''antipassive voice''' – marked with ''-cu'' (e.g. ''khol'''cu''''')
* '''negation''' – marked with ''ye-'' (e.g. '''''ye'''kholi'' "I am not running")

===Copula===
The copula in Czisilian is an independent particle if no nominal object is present and suffixed to the object if there is one. It is also an independent word to express possession ('X has Y'), in which case the possessor is marked for dative/instrumental and the possessed is marked for transitive case (accusative if animate or semi-animate, absolutive if inanimate). Finally the copula has four forms, animate and inanimate, which agree with the animacy of the subject, and affirmative and negative forms.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Copula suffixes
!
!An.
!Inan.
|-
!Affirmative
|''-wik''
|''-wi''
|-
!Negative
|''-nik''
|''-ni''
|}
The independent forms of the copula are the same as the suffix forms, except the negative forms are ''ik'' for inanimate nouns and ''i'' for animate nouns.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Usage examples
!English
!Czisilian
!Gloss
|-
!"I am"
|''Bal wik''
|bal-{{small|∅}} wi-k {{small|1S}}.{{small|NOM}} {{small|COP}}-{{small|AN}}
|-
!"It is a lake"
|''Kis uwi''
|kis-{{small|∅}} ul-wi {{small|3S}}.{{small|INAN}} lake-{{small|COP}}.{{small|INAN}}
|-
!"I have a gun"
|''Balmi khuçnat wik''
|bal-mi khuçnat-{{small|∅}} wi-k {{small|1S}}.{{small|INSTR}} gun-{{small|ABS}} {{small|COP}}-{{small|AN}}
|}

===Nouns===
Czisilian exhibits a split-ergative alignment nicknamed '''Milevic alignment''' which is shared by all the Milevic languages. The split-ergative part depends on the noun's animacy, which has three degrees: Animate, Semi-animate, and Inanimate.
* Animate nouns follow a nominative-accusative alignment, with marked accusative.
* Inanimate nouns follow an ergative-absolutive alignment, with marked ergative. They also do not have distinct plural forms.
* Semi-animate nouns follow a nominative-accusative alignment, however it has unmarked accusative and nominative marked with the ergative ending.

This has caused some linguists to reanalyse the ergative and nominative cases as one '''transitive case''', while the absolutive and accusative are unmarked and marked '''intransitive case''' respectively.

Czisilian nominal morphology is as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Nominal suffixes
!
!Sg.
!Pl.
|-
!Nominative/ Absolutive
|{{small|unmarked}}
|''-(ĕ)m''
|-
!Ergative
|''-ne''
|''-(ĕ)mne''
|-
!Accusative
|''-(w)iş''
|''-(ĕ)wiş''
|-
!Dative- Instrumental
|''-mi''
|''-(ĕ)mmi''
|-
!Genitive
|''-nak''
|''-(ĕ)mnak''
|-
!Locative
|''-li''
|''-(ĕ)mli''
|}

[[Category:Languages]]

Czisilian language - Revision history

Rox at 10:42, 9 March 2025

Rox at 11:12, 22 March 2023

imported>Rox: Created page with "{{Infobox language | name = Czisilian | nativename = ''zom çisnak'' | pronunciation = [zom ˈt͡ɕɪs.nak̚] | states = Czisilia | ethnicit..."