Dirhassian language - Revision history

Rox: /* Writing system */

2025-11-05T03:20:17Z

Writing system

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:20, 4 November 2025
Line 158:		Line 158:

	==Writing system==		==Writing system==
−	{{main\|Verethian ~~common alphabet~~}}	+	{{main\|Verethian script}}

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==

Rox at 02:38, 5 November 2025

2025-11-05T02:38:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:38, 4 November 2025
Line 15:		Line 15:
	\| ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian		\| ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian
	\| ancestor3 = Middle Dirhassian		\| ancestor3 = Middle Dirhassian
−	\| script = [[Verethian ~~alphabet~~\|Verethian common alphabet]]	+	\| script = [[Verethian script\|Verethian common alphabet]]
	\| nation = {{flag\|Oldirian Union}}<br>{{flag\|Hehagho}}		\| nation = {{flag\|Oldirian Union}}<br>{{flag\|Hehagho}}
	\| minority =		\| minority =

Rox at 02:33, 5 November 2025

2025-11-05T02:33:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:33, 4 November 2025
Line 15:		Line 15:
	\| ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian		\| ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian
	\| ancestor3 = Middle Dirhassian		\| ancestor3 = Middle Dirhassian
−	\| script = [[Verethian common alphabet]]	+	\| script = [[Verethian alphabet\|Verethian common alphabet]]
	\| nation = {{flag\|Oldirian Union}}<br>{{flag\|Hehagho}}		\| nation = {{flag\|Oldirian Union}}<br>{{flag\|Hehagho}}
	\| minority =		\| minority =

Rox at 02:33, 5 November 2025

2025-11-05T02:33:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:33, 4 November 2025
Line 10:		Line 10:
	\| familycolor = Ashno-Verethian		\| familycolor = Ashno-Verethian
	\| fam2 = Verethian		\| fam2 = Verethian
−	\| fam3 = ~~Kholic~~	+	\| fam3 = Eastern Verethian
	\| fam4 =		\| fam4 =
−	\| ancestor = [[~~Kholic~~ language\|~~Kholic~~]]	+	\| ancestor = [[Sarsahat language\|Sarsahat]]
	\| ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian		\| ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian
	\| ancestor3 = Middle Dirhassian		\| ancestor3 = Middle Dirhassian
Line 27:		Line 27:
	}}		}}

−	'''Dirhassian''' ({{cs\|vrt\|derhas}}, {{small\|[[Transliteration of Dirhassian\|tr.]]}} ''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages\|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the ~~Kholic~~ branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language\|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.	+	'''Dirhassian''' ({{cs\|vrt\|derhas}}, {{small\|[[Transliteration of Dirhassian\|tr.]]}} ''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages\|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the Eastern Verethian branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language\|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.

	==History==		==History==
−	===~~Kholic~~===	+	===Sarsahat===
−	{{main\|~~Kholic~~ language}}	+	{{main\|Sarsahat language}}

	===Classical Dirhassian===		===Classical Dirhassian===

Rox at 19:10, 6 July 2025

2025-07-06T19:10:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:10, 6 July 2025
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\| states = [[Oldirian Union]]		\| states = [[Oldirian Union]]
	\| ethnicity = [[Oldirian people]]		\| ethnicity = [[Oldirian people]]
−	\| speakers = X	+	\| speakers = 100,000,000+
	\| date =		\| date =
	\| speakers2 =		\| speakers2 =

Rox: /* Nouns */

2024-09-22T12:37:42Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:37, 22 September 2024
Line 235:		Line 235:
	!rowspan=2\|		!rowspan=2\|
	!colspan=3\|''hádar''<br>"king" (an.)		!colspan=3\|''hádar''<br>"king" (an.)
−	!colspan=3\|''~~lér~~''<br>"~~mother~~" (an.)	+	!colspan=3\|''äm''<br>"horse" (an.)
	!colspan=3\|''cák''<br>"iron" (inan.)		!colspan=3\|''cák''<br>"iron" (inan.)
	!colspan=3\|''śés''<br>"head" (inan.)		!colspan=3\|''śés''<br>"head" (inan.)
Line 256:		Line 256:
	\|''hádaro''		\|''hádaro''
	\|''hádarlar''		\|''hádarlar''
−	\|''~~lér~~''	+	\|''äm''
−	\|''~~lérö~~''	+	\|''ämö''
−	\|''~~lérlär~~''	+	\|''ämlär''
	\|''cák''		\|''cák''
	\|''cáko''		\|''cáko''
Line 270:		Line 270:
	\|''hádaruz''		\|''hádaruz''
	\|''hádarlom''		\|''hádarlom''
−	\|''~~lérem~~''	+	\|''ämem''
−	\|''~~lériz~~''	+	\|''ämiz''
−	\|''~~lérlem~~''	+	\|''ämlem''
	\|''cákom''		\|''cákom''
	\|''cákuz''		\|''cákuz''
Line 298:		Line 298:
	\|''hádaru''		\|''hádaru''
	\|''hádarlá''		\|''hádarlá''
−	\|''~~lérí~~''	+	\|''ämí''
−	\|''~~léri~~''	+	\|''ämi''
−	\|''~~lérla̋~~''	+	\|''ämla̋''
	\|''cákú''		\|''cákú''
	\|''cáku''		\|''cáku''
Line 312:		Line 312:
	\|''hádaruś''		\|''hádaruś''
	\|''hádarlatz''		\|''hádarlatz''
−	\|''~~léritz~~''	+	\|''ämitz''
−	\|''~~lériś~~''	+	\|''ämiś''
−	\|''~~lérlätz~~''	+	\|''ämlätz''
	\|''cákutz''		\|''cákutz''
	\|''cákuś''		\|''cákuś''

Rox: /* Morphology */

2023-10-11T23:03:56Z

Morphology

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:03, 11 October 2023
Line 210:		Line 210:
	!2PL/2DU		!2PL/2DU
	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|óś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éś}}<br>''{{small\|-óś/-éś}}''		\| -{{cs\|vrt\|óś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éś}}<br>''{{small\|-óś/-éś}}''
−	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ói}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éi}}<br>''{{small\|-ói/-éi}}''	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ói}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éi}}<br>''{{small\|-ój/-éj}}''
	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ók}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ék}}<br>''{{small\|-ók/-ék}}''		\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ók}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ék}}<br>''{{small\|-ók/-ék}}''
	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|tág}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´g}}<br>''{{small\|-tág/-ta̋g}}''<br>-{{cs\|vrt\|óg}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ég}}<br>''{{small\|-óg/-ég}}''		\| -{{cs\|vrt\|tág}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´g}}<br>''{{small\|-tág/-ta̋g}}''<br>-{{cs\|vrt\|óg}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ég}}<br>''{{small\|-óg/-ég}}''

Rox at 16:08, 4 September 2023

2023-09-04T16:08:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:08, 4 September 2023
Line 27:		Line 27:
	}}		}}

−	'''Dirhassian''' ({{cs\|vrt\|derhas}}, {{small\|tr.}} ''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages\|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the Kholic branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language\|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.	+	'''Dirhassian''' ({{cs\|vrt\|derhas}}, {{small\|[[Transliteration of Dirhassian\|tr.]]}} ''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages\|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the Kholic branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language\|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.

	==History==		==History==

Rox at 16:05, 4 September 2023

2023-09-04T16:05:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:05, 4 September 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\| name = Dirhassian		\| name = Dirhassian
−	\| nativename = ~~''Derhas''~~	+	\| nativename = {{cs\|vrt\|derhas}}
	\| pronunciation = [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]		\| pronunciation = [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]
	\| states = [[Oldirian Union]]		\| states = [[Oldirian Union]]
Line 27:		Line 27:
	}}		}}

−	'''Dirhassian''' (''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages\|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the Kholic branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language\|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.	+	'''Dirhassian''' ({{cs\|vrt\|derhas}}, {{small\|tr.}} ''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages\|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the Kholic branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language\|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.

	==History==		==History==
Line 177:		Line 177:
	\|-		\|-
	!1SG/<br>1DU		!1SG/<br>1DU
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|tá}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´}}<br>''{{small\|-tá/-ta̋}}''
−	\| -tá/-ta̋
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|uś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|iś}}<br>''{{small\|-uś/-iś}}''
−	\| -uś/-iś
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|oi}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ei}}<br>''{{small\|-oj/-ej}}''
−	\| -oj/-ej
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ok}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ek}}<br>''{{small\|-ok/-ek}}''
−	\| -ok/-ek
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ug}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|üg}}<br>''{{small\|-ug/-üg}}''
−	\| -ug/-üg
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|oź}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|eź}}<br>''{{small\|-oź/-eź}}''
−	\| -oź/-eź
	\|-		\|-
	!2S		!2S
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úh}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|űh}}<br>''{{small\|-úh/-űh}}''
−	\| -úh/-űh
−	\| -táś/-ta̋ś	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|táś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´ś}}<br>''{{small\|-táś/-ta̋ś}}''
−	\| -úhoj/-űhej	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úhoi}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|űhei}}<br>''{{small\|-úhoj/-űhej}}''
−	\| -úhok/-űhek	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úhok}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|űhek}}<br>''{{small\|-úhok/-űhek}}''
−	\| -úhug/-űhüg	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úhug}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|űhüg}}<br>''{{small\|-úhug/-űhüg}}''
−	\| -úhoź/-űheź	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úhoź}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|űheź}}<br>''{{small\|-úhoź/-űheź}}''
	\|-		\|-
	!3S		!3S
−	\| -úź/-íź	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úź}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|íź}}<br>''{{small\|-úź/-íź}}''
−	\| -úźuś/-íźiś	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úźuś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|íźiś}}<br>''{{small\|-úźuś/-íźiś}}''
−	\| -táj/-ta̋j	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|tái}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´i}}<br>''{{small\|-táj/-ta̋j}}''
−	\| -úźok/-íźek	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úźok}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|íźek}}<br>''{{small\|-úźok/-íźek}}''
−	\| -úźug/-íźüg	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úźug}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|íźüg}}<br>''{{small\|-úźug/-íźüg}}''
−	\| -úźoź/-íźeź	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|úźoź}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|íźeź}}<br>''{{small\|-úźoź/-íźeź}}''
	\|-		\|-
	!1PL		!1PL
−	\|rowspan=2\| -ó/-ő	+	\|rowspan=2\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ó}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ő}}<br>''{{small\|-ó/-ő}}''
−	\| -áś/-a̋ś	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|áś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´ś}}<br>''{{small\|-áś/-a̋ś}}''
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ái}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´i}}<br>''{{small\|-áj/-a̋j}}''
−	\| -áj/-a̋j
−	\| -ták/-ta̋k	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ták}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´k}}<br>''{{small\|-ták/-ta̋k}}''
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|óg}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|őg}}<br>''{{small\|-óg/-őg}}''
−	\| -óg/-őg
−	\| -áź/-a̋ź	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|áź}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´ź}}<br>''{{small\|-áź/-a̋ź}}''
	\|-		\|-
	!2PL/2DU		!2PL/2DU
−	\| -óś/-éś	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|óś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éś}}<br>''{{small\|-óś/-éś}}''
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ói}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éi}}<br>''{{small\|-ói/-éi}}''
−	\| -ój/-éj
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ók}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ék}}<br>''{{small\|-ók/-ék}}''
−	\| -ók/-ék
−	\| -tág/-ta̋g<br>-óg/-ég	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|tág}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´g}}<br>''{{small\|-tág/-ta̋g}}''<br>-{{cs\|vrt\|óg}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ég}}<br>''{{small\|-óg/-ég}}''
−	\| -óź/-éź	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|óź}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éź}}<br>''{{small\|-óź/-éź}}''
	\|-		\|-
	!3PL/3DU		!3PL/3DU
		+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ái}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´i}}<br>''{{small\|-áj/-a̋j}}''
−	\| -áj/-a̋j
−	\| -ájuś/-a̋jiś	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|áiuś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´iiś}}<br>''{{small\|-ájuś/-a̋jiś}}''
−	\| -ájj/-a̋jj	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|áii}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´ii}}<br>''{{small\|-ájj/-a̋jj}}''
−	\| -ájok/-a̋jek	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|áiok}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´iek}}<br>''{{small\|-ájok/-a̋jek}}''
−	\| -ájug/-a̋jüg	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|áiug}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´iüg}}<br>''{{small\|-ájug/-a̋jüg}}''
−	\| -táź/-ta̋ź<br>-ájoź/-a̋jeź	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|táź}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´ź}}<br>''{{small\|-táź/-ta̋ź}}''<br>-{{cs\|vrt\|áioź}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ä´ieź}}<br>''{{small\|-ájoź/-a̋jeź}}''
	\|}		\|}

−	The past tense is marked with ''-(o/e)s-'' infixed between the verb stem and personal suffix, e.g. ''tőśej'' "[I] see [it]" → ''tőśesej'' "[I] saw [it]". For intransitive verbs, it is marked with ''-(a/ä)s'', e.g. ''cet'' "think" → ''cetäs'' "thought".	+	The past tense is marked with -({{cs\|vrt\|o}}/{{cs\|vrt\|e}}){{cs\|vrt\|s}}- infixed between the verb stem and personal suffix, e.g. {{cs\|vrt\|tőśei}} ''tőśej'' "[I] see [it]" → {{cs\|vrt\|tőśesei}} ''tőśesej'' "[I] saw [it]". For intransitive verbs, it is marked with -({{cs\|vrt\|a}}/{{cs\|vrt\|ä}}){{cs\|vrt\|s}}, e.g. {{cs\|vrt\|cet}} ''cet'' "think" → {{cs\|vrt\|cetäs}} ''cetäs'' "thought".

−	The passive voice is expressed by keeping the word order the same, but switching the subject and object, e.g. ''zím tőś<u>űh</u> śat'' "you see me" → ''zím tőś<u>iś</u> śat'' "I am seen by you" (compare ''śam tőśiś zí'' "I see you").	+	The passive voice is expressed by keeping the word order the same, but switching the subject and object, e.g. {{cs\|vrt\|zím tőś<u>űh</u> śat}} ''zím tőś<u>űh</u> śat'' "you see me" → {{cs\|vrt\|zím tőś<u>iś</u> śat}} ''zím tőś<u>iś</u> śat'' "I am seen by you" (compare {{cs\|vrt\|śam tőśiś zí}} ''śam tőśiś zí'' "I see you").

	===Nouns===		===Nouns===

Rox: Created page with "{{Infobox language | name = Dirhassian | nativename = ''Derhas'' | pronunciation = [ðeɾˈxɑs̻] | states = Oldirian Union | ethnicity = Oldirian people | speakers = X | date = | speakers2 = | familycolor = Ashno-Verethian | fam2 = Verethian | fam3 = Kholic | fam4 = | ancestor = Kholic | ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian..."

2023-09-04T12:59:36Z

Created page with "{{Infobox language | name = Dirhassian | nativename = ''Derhas'' | pronunciation = [ðeɾˈxɑs̻] | states = Oldirian Union | ethnicity = Oldirian people | speakers = X | date = | speakers2 = | familycolor = Ashno-Verethian | fam2 = Verethian | fam3 = Kholic | fam4 = | ancestor = Kholic | ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian..."

New page

{{Infobox language
| name = Dirhassian
| nativename = ''Derhas''
| pronunciation = [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]
| states = [[Oldirian Union]]
| ethnicity = [[Oldirian people]]
| speakers = X
| date =
| speakers2 =
| familycolor = Ashno-Verethian
| fam2 = Verethian
| fam3 = Kholic
| fam4 =
| ancestor = [[Kholic language|Kholic]]
| ancestor2 = Classical Dirhassian
| ancestor3 = Middle Dirhassian
| script = [[Verethian common alphabet]]
| nation = {{flag|Oldirian Union}} {{flag|Hehagho}}
| minority =
| agency =
| lingua =
| map =
| mapcaption = Areas where Dirhassian is the majority language (medium blue) or a minority language (light blue)
| map2 =
| mapcaption2 =
| glottorefname = Dirhassian
}}

'''Dirhassian''' (''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the Kholic branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.

==History==
===Kholic===
{{main|Kholic language}}

===Classical Dirhassian===

===Middle Dirhassian===

==Geographic distribution==
===Etzavaz===

===Ashnan===

==Varieties==
==Current status and importance==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonant phonemes in Dirhassian
!colspan=2|
![[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Wikipedia:Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo- palatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|n̪
|
|ɲ
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]
|p
|t̻
|
|
|k
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Voicelessness|Voiceless]]}}
|f
|s̻
|ɕ
|
|x
|-
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Voicelessness|Voiced]]}}
|v
|ð
|ʑ
|
|ɣ
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Voicelessness|Voiceless]]}}
|
|t͡s̻
|t͡ɕ
|c͡ç
|
|-
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Voicelessness|Voiced]]}}
|
|d͡z̻
|d͡ʑ
|ɟ͡ʝ
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|l̪
|
|j
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Flap]]
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Vowel phonemes in Dirhassian
!colspan=2|
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
![[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Vowel length|short]]}}
|ɪ
|ʏ
|ʊ
|-
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Vowel length|long]]}}
|i:
|y:
|u:
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Vowel length|short]]}}
|e
|œ
|ɔ
|-
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Vowel length|long]]}}
|e:
|ø:
|o:
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Vowel length|short]]}}
|ɛ
|
|ɑ
|-
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Vowel length|long]]}}
|ɛ:
|
|a:
|}

Dirhassian follows a [[Wikipedia:Vowel harmony|vowel harmony]] system, where words will only be composed with either front or back vowels (with exceptions). In addition, the [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowels are [ɪ] for front-harmony words and [ʊ] for back-harmony words, and the epenthetic consonants are [j] for front-harmony words and [v] for back-harmony words.

==Writing system==
{{main|Verethian common alphabet}}

==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Much like most other Verethian languages, Dirhassian's verbs feature polypersonal agreement in transitive verbs, while intransitive verbs make no person distinction. Unlike most other Verethian languages however, the personal prefixes and suffixes have all been merged into suffixes.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Personal suffixes in transitive verbs
!Object →
!rowspan=2|1SG/ 1DU
!rowspan=2|2SG
!rowspan=2|3SG
!rowspan=2|1PL
!rowspan=2|2PL/ 2DU
!rowspan=2|3PL/ 3DU
|-
!Subject ↓
|-
!1SG/ 1DU
| -tá/-ta̋
| -uś/-iś
| -oj/-ej
| -ok/-ek
| -ug/-üg
| -oź/-eź
|-
!2S
| -úh/-űh
| -táś/-ta̋ś
| -úhoj/-űhej
| -úhok/-űhek
| -úhug/-űhüg
| -úhoź/-űheź
|-
!3S
| -úź/-íź
| -úźuś/-íźiś
| -táj/-ta̋j
| -úźok/-íźek
| -úźug/-íźüg
| -úźoź/-íźeź
|-
!1PL
|rowspan=2| -ó/-ő
| -áś/-a̋ś
| -áj/-a̋j
| -ták/-ta̋k
| -óg/-őg
| -áź/-a̋ź
|-
!2PL/2DU
| -óś/-éś
| -ój/-éj
| -ók/-ék
| -tág/-ta̋g -óg/-ég
| -óź/-éź
|-
!3PL/3DU
| -áj/-a̋j
| -ájuś/-a̋jiś
| -ájj/-a̋jj
| -ájok/-a̋jek
| -ájug/-a̋jüg
| -táź/-ta̋ź -ájoź/-a̋jeź
|}

The past tense is marked with ''-(o/e)s-'' infixed between the verb stem and personal suffix, e.g. ''tőśej'' "[I] see [it]" → ''tőśesej'' "[I] saw [it]". For intransitive verbs, it is marked with ''-(a/ä)s'', e.g. ''cet'' "think" → ''cetäs'' "thought".

The passive voice is expressed by keeping the word order the same, but switching the subject and object, e.g. ''zím tőśűh śat'' "you see me" → ''zím tőśiś śat'' "I am seen by you" (compare ''śam tőśiś zí'' "I see you").

===Nouns===
Dirhassian nouns decline according to 5 cases: nominative, direct, oblique, genitive and locative. Dirhassian follows [[Wikipedia:Differential object marking|differential object marking]], marking animate and definite inanimate objects with the direct case and indefinite inanimate objects with the oblique case.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Examples
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|''hádar'' "king" (an.)
!colspan=3|''lér'' "mother" (an.)
!colspan=3|''cák'' "iron" (inan.)
!colspan=3|''śés'' "head" (inan.)
|-
!{{small|singular}}
!{{small|dual}}
!{{small|plural}}
!{{small|singular}}
!{{small|dual}}
!{{small|plural}}
!{{small|singular}}
!{{small|dual}}
!{{small|plural}}
!{{small|singular}}
!{{small|dual}}
!{{small|plural}}
|-
![[Wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
|''hádar''
|''hádaro''
|''hádarlar''
|''lér''
|''lérö''
|''lérlär''
|''cák''
|''cáko''
|''cáknar''
|''śés''
|''śésö''
|''śésnar''
|-
![[Wikipedia:Direct case|Direct]]
|''hádarom''
|''hádaruz''
|''hádarlom''
|''lérem''
|''lériz''
|''lérlem''
|''cákom''
|''cákuz''
|''cáknom''
|''śésem''
|''śésiz''
|''śésnem''
|-
![[Wikipedia:Oblique case|Oblique]]
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|''cákuc''
|''cákug''
|''cáknac''
|''śésic''
|''śésig''
|''śésnäc''
|-
![[Wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
|''hádarú''
|''hádaru''
|''hádarlá''
|''lérí''
|''léri''
|''lérla̋''
|''cákú''
|''cáku''
|''cákná''
|''śésí''
|''śési''
|''śésna̋''
|-
![[Wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]]
|''hádarutz''
|''hádaruś''
|''hádarlatz''
|''léritz''
|''lériś''
|''lérlätz''
|''cákutz''
|''cákuś''
|''cáknatz''
|''śésitz''
|''śésiś''
|''śésnätz''
|}

Definiteness is marked with prefixes: singular animate nouns are marked with ''o-'', plural animate nouns are marked with ''gyä-'' and inanimate nouns are marked with ''a-''. These prefixes are not affected by vowel harmony.

===Pronouns===

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Verethia]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:03, 11 October 2023
Line 210:		Line 210:
	!2PL/2DU		!2PL/2DU
	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|óś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éś}}<br>''{{small\|-óś/-éś}}''		\| -{{cs\|vrt\|óś}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éś}}<br>''{{small\|-óś/-éś}}''
−	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ói}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éi}}<br>''{{small\|-ói/-éi}}''	+	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ói}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|éi}}<br>''{{small\|-ój/-éj}}''
	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ók}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ék}}<br>''{{small\|-ók/-ék}}''		\| -{{cs\|vrt\|ók}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ék}}<br>''{{small\|-ók/-ék}}''
	\| -{{cs\|vrt\|tág}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´g}}<br>''{{small\|-tág/-ta̋g}}''<br>-{{cs\|vrt\|óg}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ég}}<br>''{{small\|-óg/-ég}}''		\| -{{cs\|vrt\|tág}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|tä´g}}<br>''{{small\|-tág/-ta̋g}}''<br>-{{cs\|vrt\|óg}}/-{{cs\|vrt\|ég}}<br>''{{small\|-óg/-ég}}''