Dzuma language - Revision history

Thae at 01:17, 15 December 2023

2023-12-15T01:17:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:17, 14 December 2023
Line 345:		Line 345:
	<small>''ké '''hɛ̃'''''</small>		<small>''ké '''hɛ̃'''''</small>
	\|}		\|}
−	In informal speech, most nouns belonging to classes other than C1 are often paired with the C11 generic articles. The definite articles are also used as vocative particles (ex: ''Bɔyĩ́ nĩ̀!'' "Father!"), or to ~~convey~~ ~~emphasis on a~~ ~~subject~~ (ex: ''Káákɔ̀ɔ̀ nĩ̀ ɔ́ kòò nĩ̀'' "It was Kaakor that bought it")	+	In informal speech, most nouns belonging to classes other than C1 are often paired with the C11 generic articles. The definite articles are also used as vocative particles (ex: ''Bɔyĩ́ nĩ̀!'' "Father!"), or as a topic marker (ex: ''Káákɔ̀ɔ̀ nĩ̀ ɔ́ kòò nĩ̀'' "It was Kaakor that bought it").

	===Pronouns===		===Pronouns===

Thae at 03:56, 26 March 2023

2023-03-26T03:56:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:56, 25 March 2023
Line 491:		Line 491:
	\|Ŋkèélé í mbɛ̃́ 'ŋ là pɛ̃́ 'y		\|Ŋkèélé í mbɛ̃́ 'ŋ là pɛ̃́ 'y
	\|-		\|-
−	\|''I will ~~see~~ his house''	+	\|''I will go to his house''
−	\|Nti nṍ kó ~~mpáà~~ mã	+	\|Nti nṍ kó bo mã
−	\|Nti 'n kó ~~mpáà~~ 'm	+	\|Nti 'n kó bo 'm
−	\|Nsĩ 'y kú ~~mpã́ã̀~~ 'ŋ	+	\|Nsĩ 'y kú bõ 'ŋ
	\|}		\|}

Thae at 02:21, 4 February 2023

2023-02-04T02:21:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:21, 3 February 2023
Line 505:		Line 505:

	=== Loan words and NCLL censorship ===		=== Loan words and NCLL censorship ===
−	Loan words in Dzuma are primarily from [[Bosso language\|Bosso]] and [[Nyamu language\|Nyamu]], as both languages have been predominant in the overall eastern Nkungu area. Although the influence of Nyamu on the Dzuma people in [[Afa]] brought about the Afa-Gaanin dialect, many Nyamu words and phrases are still used in the Dzuma varieties of [[Bomakwodor]]. However, the reign of [[Bayin Kabo]] in [[Bomakwodor]] also brought about an official censorship of words that are not Dzuma in origin in media and published works, which is overlooked by the government-sponsored Nganlokor Council of Language and Literature (NCLL). Words and phrases with non-Dzuma origins (particularly Bosso, since words of Bhala origin tended to be overlooked) are often censored and replaced with either existing Dzuma words or newer NCLL-crafted innovations.	+	Loan words in Dzuma are primarily from [[Bosso language\|Bosso]] and [[Nyamu language\|Nyamu]], as both languages have been predominant in the overall eastern Nkungu area. Although the influence of Nyamu on the Dzuma people in [[Afa]] brought about the Afa-Gaanin dialect, many Nyamu words and phrases are still used in the Dzuma varieties of [[Bomakwodor]]. However, the reign of [[Bayin Kabo]] in [[Bomakwodor]] also brought about an official censorship of words that are not Dzuma in origin in media and published works, which is overlooked by the government-sponsored [[Nganlokor Council of Language and Literature\|Nganlokor Council of Language and Literature (NCLL)]]. Words and phrases with non-Dzuma origins (particularly Bosso, since words of Bhala origin tended to be overlooked) are often censored and replaced with either existing Dzuma words or newer NCLL-crafted innovations.
	[[Category:Languages]]		[[Category:Languages]]
	[[Category:Isolate languages]]		[[Category:Isolate languages]]

Thae at 01:41, 4 February 2023

2023-02-04T01:41:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:41, 3 February 2023
Line 16:		Line 16:
	\| nation = [[Bomakwodor]]		\| nation = [[Bomakwodor]]
	\| minority =		\| minority =
−	\| agency =Nganlokor Council of Language and Literature ([[Bomakwodor]])	+	\| agency =[[Nganlokor Council of Language and Literature]] ([[Bomakwodor]])
	\| lingua =		\| lingua =
	\| map =		\| map =

Thae at 01:40, 4 February 2023

2023-02-04T01:40:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:40, 3 February 2023
Line 16:		Line 16:
	\| nation = [[Bomakwodor]]		\| nation = [[Bomakwodor]]
	\| minority =		\| minority =
−	\| agency =	+	\| agency =Nganlokor Council of Language and Literature ([[Bomakwodor]])
	\| lingua =		\| lingua =
	\| map =		\| map =

Thae: /* Current status and importance */

2023-02-04T01:38:48Z

Current status and importance

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 * '''Gaanin''' - Local dialect of western Bomakwodor, also has a Nyamu-influenced subdialect spoken in [[Afa]] known as Afa-Gaanin
 * '''Bandapor''' - also known as '''Ekwa''', is a dialect exclusive to the Bandapor tribe of eastern Bomakwodor
 ==Phonology==
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 479: / Line 477: @@
 ! colspan="2" |reciprocal
 | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |ntsí
 |}
@@ Line 486: / Line 502: @@
 ex: ''Ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ là ntshɛ̃́kpɛ lɛ́'' ("She cooked fish" | <small>fish PST cook 3F.NOM</small>) → ''Kɔ ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ là ntshɛ̃́kpɛ lɛ́ ndì ì'' ("She didn't cook fish" | <small>REL fish PST cook 3F.NOM lack 3I.NOM</small>)
-==Vocabulary==
+== Vocabulary ==
 [[Category:Languages]]
 [[Category:Isolate languages]]

Thae: /* Phonology */

2023-02-03T23:59:40Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:59, 3 February 2023
Line 42:		Line 42:
	! rowspan="2" \|Palatal		! rowspan="2" \|Palatal
	! colspan="2" \|Velar		! colspan="2" \|Velar
		+	! rowspan="2" \|Labiovelar
	\|-		\|-
	!<small>plain</small>		!<small>plain</small>
Line 51:		Line 52:
	\|ɲ		\|ɲ
	\|ŋ		\|ŋ
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 60:		Line 62:
	\|c		\|c
	\|k		\|k
		+	\|kʷ
	\|k͡p		\|k͡p
	\|-		\|-
Line 67:		Line 70:
	\|ɟ		\|ɟ
	\|g		\|g
		+	\|gʷ
	\|ɡ͡b		\|ɡ͡b
	\|-		\|-
Line 75:		Line 79:
	\|ᶮc		\|ᶮc
	\|ᵑk		\|ᵑk
		+	\|ᵑkʷ
	\|ᵑk͡p		\|ᵑk͡p
	\|-		\|-
Line 82:		Line 87:
	\|ᶮɟ		\|ᶮɟ
	\|ᵑg		\|ᵑg
		+	\|ᵑgʷ
	\|ᵑɡ͡b		\|ᵑɡ͡b
	\|-		\|-
Line 91:		Line 97:
	\|ç		\|ç
	\|x		\|x
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 98:		Line 105:
	\|		\|
	\|ɣ		\|ɣ
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 106:		Line 114:
	\|ᶮç		\|ᶮç
	\|ᵑx		\|ᵑx
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 111:		Line 120:
	\|ᶬv		\|ᶬv
	\|ⁿz		\|ⁿz
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 121:		Line 131:
	\|t͡s		\|t͡s
	\|ᶮcç		\|ᶮcç
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 128:		Line 139:
	\|d͡z		\|d͡z
	\|ᶮɟʝ		\|ᶮɟʝ
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 135:		Line 147:
	\|		\|
	\|ⁿt͡s		\|ⁿt͡s
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 142:		Line 155:
	\|		\|
	\|ⁿd͡z		\|ⁿd͡z
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 150:		Line 164:
	\|l		\|l
	\|j		\|j
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 157:		Line 172:
	\|		\|
	\|ɬ		\|ɬ
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 164:		Line 180:
	\|		\|
	\|ɮ		\|ɮ
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
Line 171:		Line 188:
	\|		\|
	\|ɾ		\|ɾ
		+	\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
		+	In northern Dzuma varieties, notably Akpaleh, labiovelar plosives /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/ are realized as implosives [ɓ̥] and [ɓ].
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
	\|+Dzuma vowels		\|+Dzuma vowels

Thae: /* Definite articles */

2023-02-01T07:17:00Z

Definite articles

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:17, 1 February 2023
Line 239:		Line 239:
	\|-		\|-
	!C2		!C2
−	!<small>''animals''</small><small>(ex: ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ "fish")</small>	+	!<small>''animals''</small> <small>(ex: ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ "fish")</small>
	\|rɛ́		\|rɛ́
	''<small>ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ '''rɛ́'''</small>''		''<small>ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ '''rɛ́'''</small>''
Line 248:		Line 248:
	\|-		\|-
	!C3		!C3
−	!<small>''inanimate objects, dead beings''</small><small>(ex: àfí "book")</small>	+	!<small>''inanimate objects, dead beings''</small> <small>(ex: àfí "book")</small>
	\|bí		\|bí
	''<small>àfí '''bí'''</small>''		''<small>àfí '''bí'''</small>''
Line 257:		Line 257:
	\|-		\|-
	!C4		!C4
−	!<small>''places''</small><small>(ex: bàáyá "house")</small>	+	!<small>''places''</small> <small>(ex: bàáyá "house")</small>
	\|nnṹ		\|nnṹ
	<small>''bàáyá '''nnṹ'''''</small>		<small>''bàáyá '''nnṹ'''''</small>
Line 266:		Line 266:
	\|-		\|-
	!C5		!C5
−	!<small>''food''</small><small>(ex: ŋkèélé "meal")</small>	+	!<small>''food''</small> <small>(ex: ŋkèélé "meal")</small>
	\|mɔ̀		\|mɔ̀
	<small>''ŋkèélé '''mɔ̀'''''</small>		<small>''ŋkèélé '''mɔ̀'''''</small>
Line 275:		Line 275:
	\|-		\|-
	!C6		!C6
−	!<small>''small objects, diminutive''</small><small>(ex: káádátí "small cloth")</small>	+	!<small>''small objects, diminutive''</small> <small>(ex: káádátí "small cloth")</small>
	\|nɛ̃̀		\|nɛ̃̀
	<small>''káádátí '''nɛ̃̀'''''</small>		<small>''káádátí '''nɛ̃̀'''''</small>
Line 284:		Line 284:
	\|-		\|-
	!C7		!C7
−	!<small>''groups, peoples''</small><small>(ex: àdé "council")</small>	+	!<small>''groups, peoples''</small> <small>(ex: àdé "council")</small>
	\|nlɛ̀		\|nlɛ̀
	<small>''àdé '''nlɛ̀'''''</small>		<small>''àdé '''nlɛ̀'''''</small>
Line 293:		Line 293:
	\|-		\|-
	!C8		!C8
−	!<small>''celestial and spiritual entities''</small><small>(ex: ndɛ̀kpɔ́ "sun")</small>	+	!<small>''celestial and spiritual entities''</small> <small>(ex: ndɛ̀kpɔ́ "sun")</small>
	\|ní		\|ní
	<small>''ndɛ̀kpɔ́ '''ní'''''</small>		<small>''ndɛ̀kpɔ́ '''ní'''''</small>
Line 302:		Line 302:
	\|-		\|-
	!C9		!C9
−	!<small>plants</small><small>(ex: ŋgwɛ́wɛ́ "flower")</small>	+	!<small>plants</small> <small>(ex: ŋgwɛ́wɛ́ "flower")</small>
	\|maa		\|maa
	<small>''ŋgwɛ́wɛ́ '''maa'''''</small>		<small>''ŋgwɛ́wɛ́ '''maa'''''</small>
Line 311:		Line 311:
	\|-		\|-
	!C10		!C10
−	!<small>body parts</small><small>(ex: bálù "arm")</small>	+	!<small>body parts</small> <small>(ex: bálù "arm")</small>
	\|mɛ́		\|mɛ́
	<small>''bálù '''mɛ́'''''</small>		<small>''bálù '''mɛ́'''''</small>
Line 320:		Line 320:
	\|-		\|-
	!C11		!C11
−	!<small>generic article</small><small>(ex: ké "thing")</small>	+	!<small>generic article</small> <small>(ex: ké "thing")</small>
	\|ì / í		\|ì / í
	<small>''ké '''í'''''</small>		<small>''ké '''í'''''</small>

Thae: /* Morphology */

2023-02-01T07:16:11Z

Morphology

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:16, 1 February 2023
Line 215:		Line 215:

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==
−	Dzuma is a highly ~~analytic~~ language with a primarily OVS word order. Unlike its surrounding languages, there is no grammatical inflection of nouns or verbs, but there are multiple noun classes which each have their own definite articles. Many grammatical features are indicated by markers that either come before or after a word, like definite articles and tense particles. Serial verb constructions are also common in Dzuma.	+	Dzuma is a highly isolating language with a primarily OVS word order. Unlike its surrounding languages, there is no grammatical inflection of nouns or verbs, but there are multiple noun classes which each have their own definite articles. Many grammatical features are indicated by markers that either come before or after a word, like definite articles and tense particles. Serial verb constructions are also common in Dzuma.

	===Definite articles===		===Definite articles===

Thae: /* Negation */

2023-02-01T07:15:21Z

Negation

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:15, 1 February 2023
Line 215:		Line 215:

	==Morphology==		==Morphology==
		+	Dzuma is a highly analytic language with a primarily OVS word order. Unlike its surrounding languages, there is no grammatical inflection of nouns or verbs, but there are multiple noun classes which each have their own definite articles. Many grammatical features are indicated by markers that either come before or after a word, like definite articles and tense particles. Serial verb constructions are also common in Dzuma.
		+
	===Definite articles===		===Definite articles===
	Dzuma has definite articles that differentiate based on noun class and number:		Dzuma has definite articles that differentiate based on noun class and number:
Line 461:		Line 463:

	=== Negation ===		=== Negation ===
−	Dzuma forms negative phrases via the phrase ''kɔ [...] ndì ì'' ("it lacks"; "there is no"), often shortened to ''ndì'' in colloquial contexts.	+	Dzuma forms negative phrases via the phrase ''kɔ [...] ndì ì'' ("it lacks that ..."; "there is no"), often shortened to ''ndì'' in colloquial contexts.

	ex: ''Ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ là ntshɛ̃́kpɛ lɛ́'' ("She cooked fish" \| <small>fish PST cook 3F.NOM</small>) → ''Kɔ ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ là ntshɛ̃́kpɛ lɛ́ ndì ì'' ("She didn't cook fish" \| <small>REL fish PST cook 3F.NOM lack 3I.NOM</small>)		ex: ''Ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ là ntshɛ̃́kpɛ lɛ́'' ("She cooked fish" \| <small>fish PST cook 3F.NOM</small>) → ''Kɔ ñõ̀ŋkpõ̀ là ntshɛ̃́kpɛ lɛ́ ndì ì'' ("She didn't cook fish" \| <small>REL fish PST cook 3F.NOM lack 3I.NOM</small>)