Nyaka language - Revision history

Thae: /* Morphology */

2024-10-02T09:42:46Z

Morphology

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:42, 2 October 2024
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	==Morphology==		==Morphology==
−	Nyaka is mostly analytical; there is no inflection of words as with Nyamu, with the exception of the ''-la'' genitive suffix and the ''-wa''/''-wo'' past tense suffixes present in Kwukwu varieties. Nyaka also does not have noun classes. Whereas case would be marked in Nyamu, Nyaka uses a variety of adpositions (either taken from Nyamu verbs or adjectives, or loaned from another language) and adpositional phrases, varying between Nyaka dialects. Nyaka also has no pluralization other than the definite plural article ''nṣe''/''ṣe''/''se'' (from the Nyamu third person plural pronoun). Despite this, it is not uncommon for speakers who do also speak Nyamu to sporadically inflect nouns and verbs as they would be in Nyamu.	+	Nyaka is mostly analytical; there is no inflection of words as with Nyamu, with the exception of the ''-la'' genitive suffix and the ''-wa''/''-wo'' past tense suffixes present in Kwukwu varieties. Nyaka also does not have noun classes. Whereas case would be marked in Nyamu, Nyaka uses a variety of adpositions (either taken from Nyamu verbs or adjectives, or loaned from another language) and adpositional phrases, varying between Nyaka dialects. Nyaka also has no pluralization other than the definite plural article ''nṣe''/''ṣe''/''se'' (from the Nyamu third person plural pronoun). Despite this, it is not uncommon for speakers who do also speak Nyamu to sporadically inflect nouns and verbs as they would in Nyamu.

	Like Nyamu, the primary word order is SOV, and for imperative clauses SVO. Whereas OSV and VOS word orders are possible to convey emphasis in Nyamu, Nyaka sentences remain strictly SOV due to lack of inflection. Instead, the subject of emphasis is mentioned in the beginning of the sentence alongside a particle ''nsa''/''sa'' (except for verbs, as they are only repeated at the beginning of a sentence).		Like Nyamu, the primary word order is SOV, and for imperative clauses SVO. Whereas OSV and VOS word orders are possible to convey emphasis in Nyamu, Nyaka sentences remain strictly SOV due to lack of inflection. Instead, the subject of emphasis is mentioned in the beginning of the sentence alongside a particle ''nsa''/''sa'' (except for verbs, as they are only repeated at the beginning of a sentence).

Thae: /* Nouns */

2024-10-02T09:41:53Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:41, 2 October 2024
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	\| rowspan="3" \|Candada ate fish with his uncle		\| rowspan="3" \|Candada ate fish with his uncle
	\|''Candada ùda buwuwu kùla jūma''		\|''Candada ùda buwuwu kùla jūma''
−	\|''Candada bwɔkɔ kùla diza ùdu jū ~~bata~~''	+	\|''Candada bwɔkɔ kùla diza ùdu jū ta''
	\|''Caddada bubu kù là gbà ùru akpà''		\|''Caddada bubu kù là gbà ùru akpà''
	\|-		\|-
	!IPA		!IPA
	\|/t͡ɕándádá ˈùdá búˈwúwú ˈkùlá ˈd͡ʑuː́má/		\|/t͡ɕándádá ˈùdá búˈwúwú ˈkùlá ˈd͡ʑuː́má/
−	\|/t͡ɕándádá ˈbwɔ́kɔ́ kùlá dízá ˈùdú ˈ d͡ʑuː́ ~~ˈbátá~~/	+	\|/t͡ɕándádá ˈbwɔ́kɔ́ kùlá dízá ˈùdú ˈ d͡ʑuː́ ˈtá/
	\|/t͡ʃádːádá ˈbúbú kù là g͡bà ˈùɾú ák͡pà/		\|/t͡ʃádːádá ˈbúbú kù là g͡bà ˈùɾú ák͡pà/
	\|-		\|-
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	<small><nowiki>*</nowiki>The Southern Nyaka negative ''nzì'' is from the Gaanin Dzuma negative particle ''nzì'' (from the standard Dzuma ''ndìì'')</small>		<small><nowiki>*</nowiki>The Southern Nyaka negative ''nzì'' is from the Gaanin Dzuma negative particle ''nzì'' (from the standard Dzuma ''ndìì'')</small>

−	<small><nowiki>**</nowiki>The Northern Nyaka past tense particle ''~~bata~~'' is from the past tense form of the Nyamu verb ''ba'' ('to go')</small>	+	<small><nowiki>**</nowiki>The Northern Nyaka past tense particle ''ta'' is from ''bata'', the past tense form of the Nyamu verb ''ba'' ('to go')</small>

	<small><nowiki>***</nowiki>The Southern Nyaka past tense particle ''là'' is loaned from the Dzuma past tense particle ''là''</small>		<small><nowiki>***</nowiki>The Southern Nyaka past tense particle ''là'' is loaned from the Dzuma past tense particle ''là''</small>
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	==Morphology==		==Morphology==
		+	Nyaka is mostly analytical; there is no inflection of words as with Nyamu, with the exception of the ''-la'' genitive suffix and the ''-wa''/''-wo'' past tense suffixes present in Kwukwu varieties. Nyaka also does not have noun classes. Whereas case would be marked in Nyamu, Nyaka uses a variety of adpositions (either taken from Nyamu verbs or adjectives, or loaned from another language) and adpositional phrases, varying between Nyaka dialects. Nyaka also has no pluralization other than the definite plural article ''nṣe''/''ṣe''/''se'' (from the Nyamu third person plural pronoun). Despite this, it is not uncommon for speakers who do also speak Nyamu to sporadically inflect nouns and verbs as they would be in Nyamu.

		+	Like Nyamu, the primary word order is SOV, and for imperative clauses SVO. Whereas OSV and VOS word orders are possible to convey emphasis in Nyamu, Nyaka sentences remain strictly SOV due to lack of inflection. Instead, the subject of emphasis is mentioned in the beginning of the sentence alongside a particle ''nsa''/''sa'' (except for verbs, as they are only repeated at the beginning of a sentence).
−	===Nouns===
		+	{\| class="wikitable"
−
		+	!English
−	===Verbs===
		+	!Northern Nyaka
−
		+	\|-
−	===Pronouns===
		+	\|Kala saw [the] dog
		+	\|''Kalà buku jàŋa ta''
		+	\|-
		+	\|''<u>Kala</u>'' saw [the] dog
		+	\|''<u>Kalà nsà</u> ku buku jàŋa ta''
		+	\|-
		+	\|Kala ''<u>saw</u>'' [the] dog
		+	\|''<u>Jàŋa</u> Kalà buku jàŋa ta''
		+	\|-
		+	\|Kala saw ''<u>[the] dog</u>''
		+	\|''<u>Buku nsà</u> ku buku jàŋa ta''
		+	\|}

	==Vocabulary==		==Vocabulary==

Thae: /* Nouns */

2024-09-21T10:28:50Z

Nouns

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:28, 21 September 2024
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	\|''Ña Kàṣiŋkhɔfa bali''		\|''Ña Kàṣiŋkhɔfa bali''
	\|''Ña Kàṣiŋkɔ/Kàṣiklɔ ba sɔ̀ da''		\|''Ña Kàṣiŋkɔ/Kàṣiklɔ ba sɔ̀ da''
−	\|''Ña Ṣikkɔ ba nsɔ̀ ~~nzì / Ña Ṣikkɔ ba mù~~ nzì''	+	\|''Ña Ṣikkɔ ba nsɔ̀ nzì''
	\|-		\|-
	!IPA		!IPA
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	\|<small>man Kashinkhor go-DES.NEG</small>		\|<small>man Kashinkhor go-DES.NEG</small>
	\|<small>man Kashinkhor go DES NEG</small><small>(man Kashinkhor go want without)</small>		\|<small>man Kashinkhor go DES NEG</small><small>(man Kashinkhor go want without)</small>
−	\|<small>man Kashinkhor go DES NEG</small><small>(man Kashinkhor go want NEG* ~~/ man Kashinkhor go love NEG~~)</small>	+	\|<small>man Kashinkhor go DES NEG</small><small>(man Kashinkhor go want NEG*)</small>
	\|-		\|-
	!Text		!Text

Thae: /* Current status and society */

2023-09-14T21:26:49Z

Current status and society

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:26, 14 September 2023
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	==Current status and society==		==Current status and society==
−	Nyaka is one of the most widely spoken languages in eastern Nkungu, contending with [[Nyamu language\|Nyamu]]. While the Nyamu language became widespread due to the cultural influence of Khobeh within the eastern Nkungu sphere, Nyaka sprouted as a byproduct of ~~the~~ interaction between the Nyamu and other ethnic groups. Although being a widespread language, the many groups and areas wherein Nyaka is spoken all have differing ways in which they use and view the language. Within predominantly Nyamu communities, Nyaka is hidden and often solely a spoken language used among intimate individuals, i.e family and friends. The use of Nyaka in situations calling for respect or formality is oftentimes considered disrespectful. Among non-Nyamu communities, however, Nyaka is openly used as a lingua franca regardless of situation and is often interspersed in speech with the local language(s) of the community. Nyaka has no written literature as it is rarely ever written.	+	Nyaka is one of the most widely spoken languages in eastern Nkungu, contending with [[Nyamu language\|Nyamu]]. While the Nyamu language became widespread due to the cultural influence of Khobeh within the eastern Nkungu sphere, Nyaka sprouted as a byproduct of interaction between the Nyamu and other ethnic groups. Although being a widespread language, the many groups and areas wherein Nyaka is spoken all have differing ways in which they use and view the language. Within predominantly Nyamu communities, Nyaka is hidden and often solely a spoken language used among intimate individuals, i.e family and friends. The use of Nyaka in situations calling for respect or formality is oftentimes considered disrespectful. Among non-Nyamu communities, however, Nyaka is openly used as a lingua franca regardless of situation and is often interspersed in speech with the local language(s) of the community. Nyaka has no written literature as it is rarely ever written.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

Thae: /* Current status and society */

2023-09-14T21:24:10Z

Current status and society

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:24, 14 September 2023
Line 74:		Line 74:

	==Current status and society==		==Current status and society==
−	Nyaka is one of the most widely spoken languages in eastern Nkungu, contending with [[Nyamu language\|Nyamu]]. While the Nyamu language became widespread due to the cultural influence of Khobeh within the eastern Nkungu sphere, Nyaka's ~~popularity~~ is ~~largely~~ ~~due~~ to ~~its~~ ~~simplicity~~ ~~and~~ ~~its~~ ~~association~~ ~~with~~ ~~being~~ ~~a language for the~~ ~~public~~. Although being a widespread language, the many groups and areas wherein Nyaka is spoken all have differing ways in which they use and view the language. Within predominantly Nyamu communities, Nyaka is hidden and often solely a spoken language used among intimate individuals, i.e family and friends. The use of Nyaka in situations calling for respect or formality is oftentimes considered disrespectful. Among non-Nyamu communities, however, Nyaka is openly used as a lingua franca regardless of situation and is often interspersed in speech with the local language(s) of the community. Nyaka has no written literature as it is rarely ever written.	+	Nyaka is one of the most widely spoken languages in eastern Nkungu, contending with [[Nyamu language\|Nyamu]]. While the Nyamu language became widespread due to the cultural influence of Khobeh within the eastern Nkungu sphere, Nyaka sprouted as a byproduct of the interaction between the Nyamu and other ethnic groups. Although being a widespread language, the many groups and areas wherein Nyaka is spoken all have differing ways in which they use and view the language. Within predominantly Nyamu communities, Nyaka is hidden and often solely a spoken language used among intimate individuals, i.e family and friends. The use of Nyaka in situations calling for respect or formality is oftentimes considered disrespectful. Among non-Nyamu communities, however, Nyaka is openly used as a lingua franca regardless of situation and is often interspersed in speech with the local language(s) of the community. Nyaka has no written literature as it is rarely ever written.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==

Thae at 21:17, 14 September 2023

2023-09-14T21:17:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:17, 14 September 2023
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	==Varieties==		==Varieties==
−	~~Though Nyaka acts as a bridge between the different peoples of eastern and central Nkungu,~~ Nyaka has many varieties belonging to each of the groups that speak it. These varieties often use words or syntax from, or pronunciation emulating, the local languages of an area. For example, Northern Nyaka and its subvarieties use words loaned from Hlong and Gara, while Southern Nyaka draws its loanwords from Nganka, Dzuma, or Afa Nyamu. The three main Nyaka varieties are Northern Nyaka (also known as [[Khobeh]] Nyaka), Southern Nyaka (also known as [[Afa]] Nyaka), and Kwukwu Nyaka. Each of these main varieties have several subvarieties differing among countries, ethnic groups, districts, and cities. Due to the diversity of Nyaka varieties, certain lects are not mutually intelligible with others.	+	Nyaka has many varieties belonging to each of the many groups that speak it. These varieties often use words or syntax from, or pronunciation emulating, the local languages of the area it is spoken in. For example, Northern Nyaka and its subvarieties use words loaned from Hlong and Gara, while Southern Nyaka draws its loanwords from Nganka, Dzuma, or Afa Nyamu. The three main Nyaka varieties are Northern Nyaka (also known as [[Khobeh]] Nyaka), Southern Nyaka (also known as [[Afa]] Nyaka), and Kwukwu Nyaka. Each of these main varieties have several subvarieties differing among countries, ethnic groups, districts, and cities. Due to the diversity of Nyaka varieties, certain lects are not mutually intelligible with others.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="width: 68%;"
	\|+Differences in Nyaka varieties		\|+Differences in Nyaka varieties

Thae: /* Phonology */

2023-03-26T03:45:37Z

Phonology

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:45, 25 March 2023
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	==Phonology==		==Phonology==
−	While Nyaka phonology is conventionally similar to that of Nyamu, Nyaka also varies in phonology depending on the variety spoken. The prevalence of certain phonemes may be influenced by the local languages of an area. For example, the Northern Nyaka /ɕ/ and /ʑ/ is often /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ in Southern Nyaka, or both sets may be pronounced in free variation in other varieties. Kwukwu Nyaka is particularly phonologically divergent from other Nyaka dialects as it does not feature tones, due to its speakers being native speakers of the atonal Kwukwu languages.	+	While Nyaka phonology is conventionally similar to that of Nyamu, Nyaka also varies in phonology depending on the variety spoken. The prevalence of certain phonemes may be influenced by the local languages of an area. For example, the Northern Nyaka /ɕ/ and /ʑ/ is often /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ in Southern Nyaka, or both sets may be pronounced in free variation in other varieties. Kwukwu Nyaka is particularly phonologically divergent from other Nyaka dialects especially since it does not feature tones, due to its speakers being native speakers of the atonal Kwukwu languages.
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
	! colspan="3" rowspan="2" \|		! colspan="3" rowspan="2" \|

Thae at 23:13, 25 March 2023

2023-03-25T23:13:59Z

@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
+|
 |k
-|k͡p
+|k͡p <sup>13</sup>
 |-
 ! <small>aspirated <sup>2</sup></small>
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
+|
 |g
-|ɡ͡b
+|ɡ͡b <sup>13</sup>
+|
 |-
@@ Line 298: / Line 298: @@
 <small><sup>12</sup> Influenced by Kafue Nyamu, also realized as [ɹ] in northern dialects</small>
 ==Morphology==

Thae: /* Phonology */

2023-03-25T23:06:16Z

Phonology

Show changes

Thae: /* Current status and society */

2023-03-25T09:02:28Z

Current status and society

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:02, 25 March 2023
Line 74:		Line 74:

	==Current status and society==		==Current status and society==
−	Nyaka is one of the most widely spoken languages in eastern Nkungu, contending with [[Nyamu language\|Nyamu]]. While the Nyamu language became widespread due to the cultural influence of Khobeh within the eastern Nkungu sphere, Nyaka's popularity is largely due to its simplicity and its association with being a language for the public. Although being a widespread language, the many groups and areas wherein Nyaka is spoken all have ~~different~~ ways in which they use and view the language. Within predominantly Nyamu communities, Nyaka is hidden and often solely a spoken language used among intimate individuals, i.e family and friends. The use of Nyaka in situations calling for respect or formality is oftentimes considered disrespectful. Among non-Nyamu communities, however, Nyaka is openly used as a lingua franca regardless of situation and is often interspersed in speech with the local language(s) of the community. Nyaka has no written literature as it is rarely ever written.	+	Nyaka is one of the most widely spoken languages in eastern Nkungu, contending with [[Nyamu language\|Nyamu]]. While the Nyamu language became widespread due to the cultural influence of Khobeh within the eastern Nkungu sphere, Nyaka's popularity is largely due to its simplicity and its association with being a language for the public. Although being a widespread language, the many groups and areas wherein Nyaka is spoken all have differing ways in which they use and view the language. Within predominantly Nyamu communities, Nyaka is hidden and often solely a spoken language used among intimate individuals, i.e family and friends. The use of Nyaka in situations calling for respect or formality is oftentimes considered disrespectful. Among non-Nyamu communities, however, Nyaka is openly used as a lingua franca regardless of situation and is often interspersed in speech with the local language(s) of the community. Nyaka has no written literature as it is rarely ever written.

	==Phonology==		==Phonology==