Czisilian language: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
  
{{Infobox language
 
| name = Czisilian
  
| name = Czisilian
−
| nativename = ''zom çisnak''
 +
| nativename = ''lum ċīsīlā''
−
| pronunciation = [zom ˈt͡ɕɪs.nak̚]
 +
| pronunciation = [lʉm ˈt͡ʃi:si:la:]
 
| states = [[Czisilia]]
  
| states = [[Czisilia]]
 
| ethnicity = [[Czisil people]]
  
| ethnicity = [[Czisil people]]
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| speakers2 =
 
| speakers2 =
 
| familycolor = Milevic
  
| familycolor = Milevic
−
| fam2 = Southern Milevic
 +
| fam2 = Czisilic
 
| fam3 =
 
| fam3 =
 
| fam4 =
 
| fam4 =
 
| ancestor = [[Old High Czisilian language|Old High Czisilian]]
  
| ancestor = [[Old High Czisilian language|Old High Czisilian]]
 
| ancestor2 =
 
| ancestor2 =
−
| script = [[Milevic alphabet]]
 +
| script = Mixed scripts of [[Wadiin script]] and [[Czisilian logograms]]
 
| nation = {{flag|Czisilia}}
  
| nation = {{flag|Czisilia}}
 
| minority =
 
| minority =
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}}
  
}}
   
−
'''Czisilian''' (''çissom'' [ˈt͡ɕɪs.som], ''zom çisnak'' [zom ˈt͡ɕɪs.nak̚]) is a [[Milevic languages|Southern Milevic]] language spoken in [[Czisilia]]. It descended from [[Old High Czisilian language|Old High Czisilian]], which was the official language of the [[Milevic Empire]]. Its closest relative is [[Lhidian language|Lhidian]].
 +
'''Czisilian''' (''ċīslum'' [ˈt͡ʃi:slʉm], ''lum ċīsīlā'' [lʉm ˈt͡ʃi:si:la:]) is a [[Milevic languages|Czisilic]] language spoken in [[Czisilia]]. It descended from [[Old High Czisilian language|Old High Czisilian]], which was the ''lingua franca'' of the [[Milevic Empire]]. Its closest relative is [[Lhidian language|Lhidian]].
   
 
==History==
  
==History==
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{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
  
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
 
|+Consonant phonemes in Czisilian
  
|+Consonant phonemes in Czisilian
  +
!
−
!colspan=2|
  
 
![[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
 
![[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]/<br/>[[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]/<br/>[[Wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]
−
![[Wikipedia:Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-<br/>palatal]]
 +
![[Wikipedia:Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-<br/>alveolar]]
 
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
 
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
 
|-
  
|-
−
!colspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
 +
! [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
 
|m
  
|m
 
|n
  
|n
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|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
−
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]
 +
! [[Wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]
  ⚫
|p
−
!{{small|Plain}}
  
  ⚫
|t
⚫
|p • b
  
  ⚫
|
⚫
|t • d
  
 
|
  
|
−
|(c)
  
 
|k
  
|k
 
|-
  
|-
−
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]}}
 +
! [[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
−
|pʰ
  
−
|tʰ
  
 
|
  
|
−
|(cʰ)
  
−
|kʰ
  
⚫
|-
  
−
!rowspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
  
−
!{{small|Plain}}
  
 
|
  
|
−
|t͡s • d͡z
 +
|t͡ʃ • d͡ʒ
−
|t͡ɕ
  
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
−
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]}}
 +
! [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
  ⚫
|f • (v)
  ⚫
|s • z
  ⚫
|ʃ • ʒ
 
|
  
|
−
|t͡sʰ
  
−
|t͡ɕʰ
  
⚫
|
  
⚫
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
  
⚫
|(f • v)
  
−
|s • z
  
−
|ɕ • ʑ
  
−
|(ç)
  
 
|x • ɣ
  
|x • ɣ
 
|-
  
|-
−
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
 +
! [[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
 
|w
  
|w
 
|l
  
|l
 
|
  
|
 
|j
  
|j
−
|
  
−
|-
  
−
!colspan=2|[[Wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
  
−
|
  
−
|ɾ
  
−
|
  
−
|
  
 
|
  
|
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
Consonants in Czisilian undergo some allophonic shifts:
  
Consonants in Czisilian undergo some allophonic shifts:
−
* '''fortition''' – the labiovelar approximant /w/ becomes [v] before consonants (e.g. ''i'''w'''ne'' [ʏ̜vne] "mountain-{{small|ERG}}"). Before voiceless consonants, this becomes a voiceless [f] (e.g. ''bi'''w'''t'' [bʏ̜ft̚] "sentence").
 +
* '''fortition''' – the labiovelar approximant /w/ becomes [v] before consonants (e.g. ''ye'''w'''ġeḍ'' [ˈjɛvɣɛð] "foothill"). Before voiceless consonants, this becomes a voiceless [f].
−
* '''palatalisation''' – before the front vowel ''i'', the velar consonants /k kʰ x/ become [c cʰ ç] respectively (e.g. '''''k'''is'' [cɪs] "it", ''co'''kh'''is'' [t͡socʰɪs] "reign, power, sovereignty"). Due to Czisilian's sound changes from Old High Czisilian, the palatal fricative [ç] is more commonly found in loan words (e.g. '''''h'''ië'''h'''iarë'' [çiɘçiɐɾɘ] "terror bird").
  
   
 
===Vowels===
  
===Vowels===
−
Czisilian has 7 vowels, separated into 3 classes:
 +
Czisilian has 11 vowels, separated into 2 classes:
−
* 3 '''back vowels''' – /ʉ o ɑ/. The open vowel /ɑ/ is reduced to [ɐ] when unstressed.
 +
* 6 '''short vowels''' – /ɪ ʉ ɛ o ɔ ə/
−
* 3 '''front vowels''' – /ɪ e ɛ/.
 +
* 5 '''long vowels''' – /i: u: e: o: a:/
⚫
* A '''neutral vowel''' – /ɘ/.
  
   
 
==Writing system==
  
==Writing system==
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===Verbs===
  
===Verbs===
 
Czisilian verbs conjugate for 4 tenses:
  
Czisilian verbs conjugate for 4 tenses:
−
* '''present tense''' – marked with ''-i'' (e.g. ''khol'''i''''' "I run")
 +
* '''present tense''' – marked with ''-ī'' (e.g. ''wal zum'''ī''''' "I sleep")
−
* '''past imperfective tense''' – marked with ''-mĕ'' (e.g. ''khol'''mĕ''''' "I was running")
 +
* '''past imperfective tense''' – marked with ''-ēm'' (e.g. ''wal zum'''ēm''''' "I was sleeping")
−
* '''past perfective tense''' – marked with ''-me'' (e.g. ''khol'''me''''' "I ran")
 +
* '''past perfective tense''' – marked with ''-am'' (e.g. ''wal zum'''am''''' "I slept")
  ⚫
* '''future tense''' – TBA
−
* '''future tense''' – marked by reduplicating the final consonant (unless it is a stop or an affricate) and adding ''-ut'' (e.g. ''khol'''lut''''' "I will run")
  
   
−
Additionally, there are 4 modal markers:
 +
Additionally, there are 6 modal and valency markers:
  +
*
−
* '''subjunctive''' – marked with ''-un'', or ''-on'' after alveolar consonants (e.g. ''khol'''on''''')
  
−
* '''passive voice''' – marked with ''-thĕ'' (e.g. ''khol'''thĕ''''')
  
−
* '''antipassive voice''' – marked with ''-cu'' (e.g. ''khol'''cu''''')
  
−
* '''negation''' – marked with ''ye-'' (e.g. '''''ye'''kholi'' "I am not running")
  
   
 
===Copula===
  
===Copula===
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{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
  
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
−
|+Copula suffixes
 +
|+Copula
 
!
  
!
 
!An.
  
!An.
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|-
  
|-
 
!Affirmative
  
!Affirmative
−
|''-wik''
 +
|''wi''
−
|''-wi''
 +
|''wī''
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Negative
  
!Negative
−
|''-nik''
 +
|''hi''
−
|''-ni''
 +
|''hī''
 
|}
  
|}
−
The independent forms of the copula are the same as the suffix forms, except the negative forms are ''ik'' for inanimate nouns and ''i'' for animate nouns.
  
   
 
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
  
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
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|-
  
|-
 
!"I am"
  
!"I am"
−
|''Bal wik''
 +
|''Wal wi''
−
|bal-{{small|∅}} wi-k<br>{{small|1S}}.{{small|NOM}} {{small|COP}}-{{small|AN}}
 +
|wal-{{small|∅}} wi-{{small|∅}}<br>{{small|1S}}.{{small|NOM}} {{small|COP}}-{{small|AN}}
 
|-
  
|-
 
!"It is a lake"
  
!"It is a lake"
−
|''Kis uwi''
 +
|''Ḍeṡ wŏlwī''
−
|kis-{{small|∅}} ul-wi<br>{{small|3S}}.{{small|INAN}} lake-{{small|COP}}.{{small|INAN}}
 +
|ḍeṡ-{{small|∅}} wŏl-wī<br>{{small|3S}}.{{small|INAN}} lake-{{small|COP}}.{{small|INAN}}
 
|-
  
|-
−
!"I have a gun"
 +
!"I have a father"
−
|''Balmi khuçnat wik''
 +
|''Wal pānīw wi''
−
|bal-mi khuçnat-{{small|∅}} wi-k<br>{{small|1S}}.{{small|INSTR}} gun-{{small|ABS}} {{small|COP}}-{{small|AN}}
 +
|wal-{{small|∅}} pān-īw wi-{{small|∅}}<br>{{small|1S}}.{{small|NOM}} father-{{small|INSTR}} {{small|COP}}-{{small|AN}}
 
|}
  
|}
   
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!
  
!
 
!Sg.
  
!Sg.
−
!Pl.
 +
!Pl.<br>(an.)
  +
!Pl.<br>(inan.)
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Nominative/<br>Absolutive
  
!Nominative/<br>Absolutive
 
|{{small|unmarked}}
  
|{{small|unmarked}}
−
|''-(ĕ)m''
 +
|''-ī''
  +
|''-u''
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Ergative
  
!Ergative
−
|''-ne''
 +
|''-(a)n''
−
|''-(ĕ)mne''
 +
|''-in''
  +
|''-un''
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Accusative
  
!Accusative
−
|''-(w)iş''
 +
|''-(w)is''
−
|''-(ĕ)wiş''
 +
|''-iwis''
  +
|''-ūis''
 
|-
  
|-
−
!Dative-<br>Instrumental
 +
!Dative-<br>Locative
−
|''-mi''
 +
|''-īl''
−
|''-(ĕ)mmi''
 +
|''-iyīl''
  +
|''-uīl''
 
|-
  
|-
 
!Genitive
  
!Genitive
−
|''-nak''
 +
|''-ā''
−
|''-(ĕ)mnak''
 +
|''-iyā''
  +
|''-uā''
 
|-
  
|-
  +
!Instrumental
−
!Locative
  
−
|''-li''
 +
|''-īw''
−
|''-(ĕ)mli''
 +
|''-iyīw''
  +
|''-uīw''
 
|}
  
|}
  +
  +
====Case stacking====
  +
Czisilian makes use of case stacking in specific circumstances:
  +
* if a genitive construction is acting as the agent of a transitive verb, both possessor and possessee are marked with the ergative case
  +
** compare ''walā zafu taam'' ({{small|1S}}-{{small|GEN}} eyelid-{{small|PL}} be_closed-{{small|PST}}.{{small|PFV}}) "my eyelids [are] closed" with ''walān zafun gō haī'' ({{small|1S}}-{{small|GEN}}-{{small|ERG}} eyelid-{{small|PL}}-{{small|ERG}} 2S see-{{small|PRES}}) "my eyelids see you"
  +
* if a genitive construction is marked by a postposition, both possessor and possessee are marked with the appropriate case
  +
** ''ceceāīl zupazīl num'' (chicken-{{small|GEN}}-{{small|LOC}} nest-{{small|LOC}} {{small|LOC}}) "in the chicken's nest"
   
 
[[Category:Languages]]
  
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 05:12, 22 March 2023

Czisilian
lum ċīsīlā
Pronunciation[lʉm ˈt͡ʃi:si:la:]
Native toCzisilia
EthnicityCzisil people
Native speakers
X
Milevic
  • Czisilic
    • Czisilian
Early form
Mixed scripts of Wadiin script and Czisilian logograms
Official status
Official language in
 Czisilia

Czisilian (ċīslum [ˈt͡ʃi:slʉm], lum ċīsīlā [lʉm ˈt͡ʃi:si:la:]) is a Czisilic language spoken in Czisilia. It descended from Old High Czisilian, which was the lingua franca of the Milevic Empire. Its closest relative is Lhidian.

History

Old High Czisilian

Main article: Old High Czisilian language

Modern Czisilian

Geographic distribution

Yazland

Varieties

Current status and importance

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes in Czisilian
Labial Alveolar/
Dental 		Palato-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Nasal m n
Stop p t k
Affricate t͡ʃ • d͡ʒ
Fricative f • (v) s • z ʃ • ʒ x • ɣ
Approximant w l j

Consonants in Czisilian undergo some allophonic shifts:

  • fortition – the labiovelar approximant /w/ becomes [v] before consonants (e.g. yewġeḍ [ˈjɛvɣɛð] "foothill"). Before voiceless consonants, this becomes a voiceless [f].

Vowels

Czisilian has 11 vowels, separated into 2 classes:

  • 6 short vowels – /ɪ ʉ ɛ o ɔ ə/
  • 5 long vowels – /i: u: e: o: a:/

Writing system

Morphology

Verbs

Czisilian verbs conjugate for 4 tenses:

  • present tense – marked with -ī (e.g. wal zumī "I sleep")
  • past imperfective tense – marked with -ēm (e.g. wal zumēm "I was sleeping")
  • past perfective tense – marked with -am (e.g. wal zumam "I slept")
  • future tense – TBA

Additionally, there are 6 modal and valency markers:

Copula

The copula in Czisilian is an independent particle if no nominal object is present and suffixed to the object if there is one. It is also an independent word to express possession ('X has Y'), in which case the possessor is marked for dative/instrumental and the possessed is marked for transitive case (accusative if animate or semi-animate, absolutive if inanimate). Finally the copula has four forms, animate and inanimate, which agree with the animacy of the subject, and affirmative and negative forms.

Copula
An. Inan.
Affirmative wi wī
Negative hi hī
Usage examples
English Czisilian Gloss
"I am" Wal wi wal-∅ wi-∅
1S.NOM COP-AN
"It is a lake" Ḍeṡ wŏlwī ḍeṡ-∅ wŏl-wī
3S.INAN lake-COP.INAN
"I have a father" Wal pānīw wi wal-∅ pān-īw wi-∅
1S.NOM father-INSTR COP-AN

Nouns

Czisilian exhibits a split-ergative alignment nicknamed Milevic alignment which is shared by all the Milevic languages. The split-ergative part depends on the noun's animacy, which has three degrees: Animate, Semi-animate, and Inanimate.

  • Animate nouns follow a nominative-accusative alignment, with marked accusative.
  • Inanimate nouns follow an ergative-absolutive alignment, with marked ergative. They also do not have distinct plural forms.
  • Semi-animate nouns follow a nominative-accusative alignment, however it has unmarked accusative and nominative marked with the ergative ending.

This has caused some linguists to reanalyse the ergative and nominative cases as one transitive case, while the absolutive and accusative are unmarked and marked intransitive case respectively.

Czisilian nominal morphology is as follows:

Nominal suffixes
Sg. Pl.
(an.) 		Pl.
(inan.)
Nominative/
Absolutive 		unmarked -ī -u
Ergative -(a)n -in -un
Accusative -(w)is -iwis -ūis
Dative-
Locative 		-īl -iyīl -uīl
Genitive -ā -iyā -uā
Instrumental -īw -iyīw -uīw

Case stacking

Czisilian makes use of case stacking in specific circumstances:

  • if a genitive construction is acting as the agent of a transitive verb, both possessor and possessee are marked with the ergative case
    • compare walā zafu taam (1S-GEN eyelid-PL be_closed-PST.PFV) "my eyelids [are] closed" with walān zafun gō haī (1S-GEN-ERG eyelid-PL-ERG 2S see-PRES) "my eyelids see you"
  • if a genitive construction is marked by a postposition, both possessor and possessee are marked with the appropriate case
    • ceceāīl zupazīl num (chicken-GEN-LOC nest-LOC LOC) "in the chicken's nest"
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