Dirhassian language: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
  
{{Infobox language
 
| name = Dirhassian
  
| name = Dirhassian
−
| nativename = ''Derhas''
 +
| nativename = {{cs|vrt|derhas}}
 
| pronunciation = [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]
  
| pronunciation = [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]
 
| states = [[Oldirian Union]]
  
| states = [[Oldirian Union]]
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}}
  
}}
   
−
'''Dirhassian''' (''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the Kholic branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.
 +
'''Dirhassian''' ({{cs|vrt|derhas}}, {{small|tr.}} ''Derhas'' [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a [[Verethian languages|Verethian]] language and the only surviving member of the Kholic branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the [[Oldirian Union]] and co-official with [[Erayi language|Erayi]] in [[Hehagho]], as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of [[Etzavaz]] as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.
   
 
==History==
  
==History==
Line 177: Line 177:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!1SG/<br>1DU
  
!1SG/<br>1DU
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|tá}}/-{{cs|vrt|tä´}}<br>''{{small|-tá/-ta̋}}''
−
| -tá/-ta̋
  
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|uś}}/-{{cs|vrt|iś}}<br>''{{small|-uś/-iś}}''
−
| -uś/-iś
  
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|oi}}/-{{cs|vrt|ei}}<br>''{{small|-oj/-ej}}''
−
| -oj/-ej
  
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|ok}}/-{{cs|vrt|ek}}<br>''{{small|-ok/-ek}}''
−
| -ok/-ek
  
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|ug}}/-{{cs|vrt|üg}}<br>''{{small|-ug/-üg}}''
−
| -ug/-üg
  
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|oź}}/-{{cs|vrt|eź}}<br>''{{small|-oź/-eź}}''
−
| -oź/-eź
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
!2S
  
!2S
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|úh}}/-{{cs|vrt|űh}}<br>''{{small|-úh/-űh}}''
−
| -úh/-űh
  
−
| -táś/-ta̋ś
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|táś}}/-{{cs|vrt|tä´ś}}<br>''{{small|-táś/-ta̋ś}}''
−
| -úhoj/-űhej
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úhoi}}/-{{cs|vrt|űhei}}<br>''{{small|-úhoj/-űhej}}''
−
| -úhok/-űhek
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úhok}}/-{{cs|vrt|űhek}}<br>''{{small|-úhok/-űhek}}''
−
| -úhug/-űhüg
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úhug}}/-{{cs|vrt|űhüg}}<br>''{{small|-úhug/-űhüg}}''
−
| -úhoź/-űheź
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úhoź}}/-{{cs|vrt|űheź}}<br>''{{small|-úhoź/-űheź}}''
 
|-
  
|-
 
!3S
  
!3S
−
| -úź/-íź
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úź}}/-{{cs|vrt|íź}}<br>''{{small|-úź/-íź}}''
−
| -úźuś/-íźiś
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úźuś}}/-{{cs|vrt|íźiś}}<br>''{{small|-úźuś/-íźiś}}''
−
| -táj/-ta̋j
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|tái}}/-{{cs|vrt|tä´i}}<br>''{{small|-táj/-ta̋j}}''
−
| -úźok/-íźek
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úźok}}/-{{cs|vrt|íźek}}<br>''{{small|-úźok/-íźek}}''
−
| -úźug/-íźüg
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úźug}}/-{{cs|vrt|íźüg}}<br>''{{small|-úźug/-íźüg}}''
−
| -úźoź/-íźeź
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|úźoź}}/-{{cs|vrt|íźeź}}<br>''{{small|-úźoź/-íźeź}}''
 
|-
  
|-
 
!1PL
  
!1PL
−
|rowspan=2| -ó/-ő
 +
|rowspan=2| -{{cs|vrt|ó}}/-{{cs|vrt|ő}}<br>''{{small|-ó/-ő}}''
−
| -áś/-a̋ś
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|áś}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´ś}}<br>''{{small|-áś/-a̋ś}}''
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|ái}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´i}}<br>''{{small|-áj/-a̋j}}''
−
| -áj/-a̋j
  
−
| -ták/-ta̋k
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|ták}}/-{{cs|vrt|tä´k}}<br>''{{small|-ták/-ta̋k}}''
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|óg}}/-{{cs|vrt|őg}}<br>''{{small|-óg/-őg}}''
−
| -óg/-őg
  
−
| -áź/-a̋ź
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|áź}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´ź}}<br>''{{small|-áź/-a̋ź}}''
 
|-
  
|-
 
!2PL/2DU
  
!2PL/2DU
−
| -óś/-éś
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|óś}}/-{{cs|vrt|éś}}<br>''{{small|-óś/-éś}}''
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|ói}}/-{{cs|vrt|éi}}<br>''{{small|-ói/-éi}}''
−
| -ój/-éj
  
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|ók}}/-{{cs|vrt|ék}}<br>''{{small|-ók/-ék}}''
−
| -ók/-ék
  
−
| -tág/-ta̋g<br>-óg/-ég
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|tág}}/-{{cs|vrt|tä´g}}<br>''{{small|-tág/-ta̋g}}''<br>-{{cs|vrt|óg}}/-{{cs|vrt|ég}}<br>''{{small|-óg/-ég}}''
−
| -óź/-éź
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|óź}}/-{{cs|vrt|éź}}<br>''{{small|-óź/-éź}}''
 
|-
  
|-
 
!3PL/3DU
  
!3PL/3DU
  +
| -{{cs|vrt|ái}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´i}}<br>''{{small|-áj/-a̋j}}''
−
| -áj/-a̋j
  
−
| -ájuś/-a̋jiś
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|áiuś}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´iiś}}<br>''{{small|-ájuś/-a̋jiś}}''
−
| -ájj/-a̋jj
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|áii}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´ii}}<br>''{{small|-ájj/-a̋jj}}''
−
| -ájok/-a̋jek
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|áiok}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´iek}}<br>''{{small|-ájok/-a̋jek}}''
−
| -ájug/-a̋jüg
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|áiug}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´iüg}}<br>''{{small|-ájug/-a̋jüg}}''
−
| -táź/-ta̋ź<br>-ájoź/-a̋jeź
 +
| -{{cs|vrt|táź}}/-{{cs|vrt|tä´ź}}<br>''{{small|-táź/-ta̋ź}}''<br>-{{cs|vrt|áioź}}/-{{cs|vrt|ä´ieź}}<br>''{{small|-ájoź/-a̋jeź}}''
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
The past tense is marked with ''-(o/e)s-'' infixed between the verb stem and personal suffix, e.g. ''tőśej'' "[I] see [it]" → ''tőśesej'' "[I] saw [it]". For intransitive verbs, it is marked with ''-(a/ä)s'', e.g. ''cet'' "think" → ''cetäs'' "thought".
 +
The past tense is marked with -({{cs|vrt|o}}/{{cs|vrt|e}}){{cs|vrt|s}}- infixed between the verb stem and personal suffix, e.g. {{cs|vrt|tőśei}} ''tőśej'' "[I] see [it]" → {{cs|vrt|tőśesei}} ''tőśesej'' "[I] saw [it]". For intransitive verbs, it is marked with -({{cs|vrt|a}}/{{cs|vrt|ä}}){{cs|vrt|s}}, e.g. {{cs|vrt|cet}} ''cet'' "think" → {{cs|vrt|cetäs}} ''cetäs'' "thought".
   
−
The passive voice is expressed by keeping the word order the same, but switching the subject and object, e.g. ''zím tőś<u>űh</u> śat'' "you see me" → ''zím tőś<u>iś</u> śat'' "I am seen by you" (compare ''śam tőśiś zí'' "I see you").
 +
The passive voice is expressed by keeping the word order the same, but switching the subject and object, e.g. {{cs|vrt|zím tőś<u>űh</u> śat}} ''zím tőś<u>űh</u> śat'' "you see me" → {{cs|vrt|zím tőś<u>iś</u> śat}} ''zím tőś<u>iś</u> śat'' "I am seen by you" (compare {{cs|vrt|śam tőśiś zí}} ''śam tőśiś zí'' "I see you").
   
 
===Nouns===
  
===Nouns===

Revision as of 10:05, 4 September 2023

Dirhassian
derhas
Pronunciation[ðeɾˈxɑs̻]
Native toOldirian Union
EthnicityOldirian people
Native speakers
X
Ashno-Verethian
  • Verethian
    • Kholic
      • Dirhassian
Early forms
Kholic
  • Classical Dirhassian
    • Middle Dirhassian
Verethian common alphabet
Official status
Official language in
 Oldirian Union
 Hehagho

Dirhassian (derhas, tr. Derhas [ðeɾˈxɑs̻]) is a Verethian language and the only surviving member of the Kholic branch. As such, it possesses many features not found in other branches, such as a preservation of dual number. Dirhassian is the official language of the Oldirian Union and co-official with Erayi in Hehagho, as well as a recognised minority language in X. It is also spoken throughout much of Etzavaz as a prestige language. With almost 100 million total speakers, it is by far the most spoken language in the Verethian family.

History

Kholic

Main article: Kholic language

Classical Dirhassian

Middle Dirhassian

Geographic distribution

Etzavaz

Ashnan

Varieties

Current status and importance

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes in Dirhassian
Labial Dental/
Laminal 		Alveolo-
palatal 		Palatal Velar
Nasal m n̪ ɲ
Stop p t̻ k
Fricative Voiceless f s̻ ɕ x
Voiced v ð ʑ ɣ
Affricate Voiceless t͡s̻ t͡ɕ c͡ç
Voiced d͡z̻ d͡ʑ ɟ͡ʝ
Approximant l̪ j
Flap ɾ

Vowels

Vowel phonemes in Dirhassian
Front Back
Close short ɪ ʏ ʊ
long i: y: u:
Mid short e œ ɔ
long e: ø: o:
Open short ɛ ɑ
long ɛ: a:

Dirhassian follows a vowel harmony system, where words will only be composed with either front or back vowels (with exceptions). In addition, the epenthetic vowels are [ɪ] for front-harmony words and [ʊ] for back-harmony words, and the epenthetic consonants are [j] for front-harmony words and [v] for back-harmony words.

Writing system

Main article: Verethian common alphabet

Morphology

Verbs

Much like most other Verethian languages, Dirhassian's verbs feature polypersonal agreement in transitive verbs, while intransitive verbs make no person distinction. Unlike most other Verethian languages however, the personal prefixes and suffixes have all been merged into suffixes.

Personal suffixes in transitive verbs
Object → 1SG/
1DU 		2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL/
2DU 		3PL/
3DU
Subject ↓
1SG/
1DU 		-tá/-tä´
-tá/-ta̋ 		-uś/-iś
-uś/-iś 		-oi/-ei
-oj/-ej 		-ok/-ek
-ok/-ek 		-ug/-üg
-ug/-üg 		-oź/-eź
-oź/-eź
2S -úh/-űh
-úh/-űh 		-táś/-tä´ś
-táś/-ta̋ś 		-úhoi/-űhei
-úhoj/-űhej 		-úhok/-űhek
-úhok/-űhek 		-úhug/-űhüg
-úhug/-űhüg 		-úhoź/-űheź
-úhoź/-űheź
3S -úź/-íź
-úź/-íź 		-úźuś/-íźiś
-úźuś/-íźiś 		-tái/-tä´i
-táj/-ta̋j 		-úźok/-íźek
-úźok/-íźek 		-úźug/-íźüg
-úźug/-íźüg 		-úźoź/-íźeź
-úźoź/-íźeź
1PL -ó/-ő
-ó/-ő 		-áś/-ä´ś
-áś/-a̋ś 		-ái/-ä´i
-áj/-a̋j 		-ták/-tä´k
-ták/-ta̋k 		-óg/-őg
-óg/-őg 		-áź/-ä´ź
-áź/-a̋ź
2PL/2DU -óś/-éś
-óś/-éś 		-ói/-éi
-ói/-éi 		-ók/-ék
-ók/-ék 		-tág/-tä´g
-tág/-ta̋g
-óg/-ég
-óg/-ég 		-óź/-éź
-óź/-éź
3PL/3DU -ái/-ä´i
-áj/-a̋j 		-áiuś/-ä´iiś
-ájuś/-a̋jiś 		-áii/-ä´ii
-ájj/-a̋jj 		-áiok/-ä´iek
-ájok/-a̋jek 		-áiug/-ä´iüg
-ájug/-a̋jüg 		-táź/-tä´ź
-táź/-ta̋ź
-áioź/-ä´ieź
-ájoź/-a̋jeź

The past tense is marked with -(o/e)s- infixed between the verb stem and personal suffix, e.g. tőśei tőśej "[I] see [it]" → tőśesei tőśesej "[I] saw [it]". For intransitive verbs, it is marked with -(a/ä)s, e.g. cet cet "think" → cetäs cetäs "thought".

The passive voice is expressed by keeping the word order the same, but switching the subject and object, e.g. zím tőśűh śat zím tőśűh śat "you see me" → zím tőśiś śat zím tőśiś śat "I am seen by you" (compare śam tőśiś zí śam tőśiś zí "I see you").

Nouns

Dirhassian nouns decline according to 5 cases: nominative, direct, oblique, genitive and locative. Dirhassian follows differential object marking, marking animate and definite inanimate objects with the direct case and indefinite inanimate objects with the oblique case.

Examples
hádar
"king" (an.) 		lér
"mother" (an.) 		cák
"iron" (inan.) 		śés
"head" (inan.)
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative hádar hádaro hádarlar lér lérö lérlär cák cáko cáknar śés śésö śésnar
Direct hádarom hádaruz hádarlom lérem lériz lérlem cákom cákuz cáknom śésem śésiz śésnem
Oblique n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a cákuc cákug cáknac śésic śésig śésnäc
Genitive hádarú hádaru hádarlá lérí léri lérla̋ cákú cáku cákná śésí śési śésna̋
Locative hádarutz hádaruś hádarlatz léritz lériś lérlätz cákutz cákuś cáknatz śésitz śésiś śésnätz

Definiteness is marked with prefixes: singular animate nouns are marked with o-, plural animate nouns are marked with gyä- and inanimate nouns are marked with a-. These prefixes are not affected by vowel harmony.

Pronouns

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