Dhimze language: Difference between revisions

From Project: Jotunnheim
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Content added Content deleted
VisualWikitext
imported>Rox
No edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 
{{Infobox language
  
{{Infobox language
 
| name = Dhimze
  
| name = Dhimze
−
| nativename = ''Jmidzi''
 +
| nativename = {{cs|dhm|jhmidzi}}
 
| pronunciation = [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]
  
| pronunciation = [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]
 
| states = [[Dhimrai]]
  
| states = [[Dhimrai]]
Line 12: Line 12:
 
| fam3 = Berisic
  
| fam3 = Berisic
 
| fam4 =
 
| fam4 =
−
| ancestor = [[Common Dhimze language|Common Dhimze]]
 +
| ancestor = [[Classical Dhimze language|Classical Dhimze]]
−
| ancestor2 = Classical Dhimze
 +
| ancestor2 = Middle Dhimze
 
| ancestor3 = Imperial Dhimze
  
| ancestor3 = Imperial Dhimze
−
| script = [[Yasgan alphabet]]
 +
| script = [[Dhimze script]]
 
| nation = {{collapsible list
  
| nation = {{collapsible list
 
| title = '''List'''
  
| title = '''List'''
 
| titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal;background:transparent
  
| titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal;background:transparent
 
| {{flag|Dhimrai}}
  
| {{flag|Dhimrai}}
−
| [[New Dhimrai]]
 +
| [[File:New-dhimrai.png|20px]] [[New Dhimrai]]
  +
| [[File:Askeliema_Flag.png|20px]] [[Askeliema]]
−
| [[Dhimze colonial empire|Dhimrai colonies]]
  
  +
| [[File:West_Islands_Flag.png|20px]] [[Dhimze West Islands|West Islands]]
  +
| [[File:KSL_Flag.png|20px]] [[King Sverit Land]]
  +
| {{flag|Giidirtschizmii}}
  +
| {{flag|Dwichmii}}
  +
| {{flag|Niichstschüzrii}}
 
}}
  
}}
 
| minority = {{collapsible list
  
| minority = {{collapsible list
Line 27: Line 32:
 
| titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal;background:transparent
  
| titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal;background:transparent
 
| {{flag|Gharzere}}
  
| {{flag|Gharzere}}
  +
| {{flag|Baro}}
−
| [[Giidirtschizmii]]
  
  +
| {{flag|Czisilia}}
−
| [[Dwichmii]]
  
  +
| {{flag|Nedheesi Republic}}
−
| [[Niichstschüzrii]]
  
  +
| {{flag|Tschenebitüschö}}
  +
| {{flag|Hadinhersia}}
 
}}
  
}}
 
| agency =
 
| agency =
Line 39: Line 46:
 
| glottorefname = Dhimze}}
  
| glottorefname = Dhimze}}
   
−
'''Dhimze''' (''jmidzi'' [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]) is a [[Dhimzic languages|Dhimzic]] language of the [[Yasgan languages|Yasgan]] family. It descended from [[Common Dhimze language|Common Dhimze]], which was the ''[[Wikipedia:Lingua franca|lingua franca]]'' of the [[Ancient Dhimrai|ancient Dhimze]] civilisation. Most of its closest relatives from the Dhimzic family are now long extinct, with the exception of [[Gharzi language|Gharzi]], which also descended from Common Dhimze. Throughout its history, Dhimze has been a prestige language in [[Yazland]] and other regions, but its use as a scientific and artistic language has faded out since the end of the [[Copper War]].
 +
'''Dhimze''' ({{cs|dhm|jhmidzi}} [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]) is a [[Dhimzic languages|Dhimzic]] language of the [[Yasgan languages|Yasgan]] family. It descended from [[Classical Dhimze language|Classical Dhimze]], which was the ''[[Wikipedia:Lingua franca|lingua franca]]'' of the [[Ancient Dhimrai|ancient Dhimze]] civilisation. Most of its closest relatives from the Dhimzic family are now long extinct, with the exception of [[Gharzi language|Gharzi]], which also descended from Classical Dhimze. Throughout its history, Dhimze has been a prestige language in western [[Yazland]] and other regions, but its use as a scientific and artistic language has faded out since the end of the [[Copper War]].
   
−
An attempt to preserve Dhimze has been made in [[Neo-Dhimze language|Neo-Dhimze]], a revival attempt of Common Dhimze with modernised pronounciation. Neo-Dhimze was primarily for use by the nobility and was later adopted by conservative writers and journalists. In 4550 CY, roughly 19% of the population claimed to have some understanding of Neo-Dhimze, and by 4610 CY only about 4% claim to speak it to some degree.
 +
An attempt to preserve Dhimze has been made in [[Neo-Dhimze language|Neo-Dhimze]], a revival attempt of Classical Dhimze with modernised pronounciation. Neo-Dhimze was primarily for use by the nobility and was later adopted by conservative writers and journalists. In 4550 CY, roughly 19% of the population claimed to have some understanding of Neo-Dhimze, and by 4610 CY only about 4% claim to speak it to some degree.
   
 
Dhimze is spoken across the [[Dhimze colonial empire]], which spans several continents from [[Huo]] to [[Ashnan]]. In Dhimze proper, approximately 83% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 94% claim to be fluent. In [[New Dhimze]], approximately 42% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 51% consider themselves fluent.
  
Dhimze is spoken across the [[Dhimze colonial empire]], which spans several continents from [[Huo]] to [[Ashnan]]. In Dhimze proper, approximately 83% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 94% claim to be fluent. In [[New Dhimze]], approximately 42% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 51% consider themselves fluent.
   
 
==History==
  
==History==
−
===Common Dhimze===
 +
===Classical Dhimze===
 
===Classical Dhimze===
  
===Classical Dhimze===
 
===Imperial Dhimze===
  
===Imperial Dhimze===
Line 60: Line 67:
 
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
  
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
 
* [[Modern Standard Dhimze]]
  
* [[Modern Standard Dhimze]]
  +
* [[Svilavidze language|Svilavidze]]
−
* [[Southern Dhimze]]
  
−
** [[Cernzishdzi Dhimze]]
 +
* [[Cernzishdzi Dhimze]]
 
* [[Ashnan Dhimze]]
  
* [[Ashnan Dhimze]]
 
* [[Etzavazi Dhimze]]
  
* [[Etzavazi Dhimze]]
Line 82: Line 89:
 
|-
  
|-
 
!colspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
  
!colspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
  +
| m   {{cs|dhm|m}}
−
| m
  
  +
| n   {{cs|dhm|n}}
−
| n
  
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
Line 90: Line 97:
 
!rowspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]
  
!rowspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]
 
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
  
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
  +
| pʰ   {{cs|dhm|p}}
−
| pʰ
  
  +
| tʰ   {{cs|dhm|t}}
−
| tʰ
  
 
|
  
|
  +
| kʰ   {{cs|dhm|k}}
−
| kʰ
  
  +
| qʰ   {{cs|dhm|q}}
−
| qʰ
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
  
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
  +
| b   {{cs|dhm|b}}
−
| b
  
  +
| d   {{cs|dhm|d}}
−
| d
  
 
|
  
|
  +
| ɡ   {{cs|dhm|g}}
−
| ɡ
  
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
!rowspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
  
!rowspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
 
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
  
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
−
| f
 +
|
  +
| s   {{cs|dhm|s}}
−
| s
  
  +
| ʃ   {{cs|dhm|sh}}
−
| ʃ
  
  +
| x   {{cs|dhm|c}}
−
| x
  
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
 
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
  
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
  +
| v   {{cs|dhm|v}}
−
| v
  
  +
| z   {{cs|dhm|z}}
−
| z
  
 
|
 
|
  +
| ɣ   {{cs|dhm|gh}}
−
| ɣ
  
 
|
  
|
 
|-
  
|-
Line 121: Line 128:
 
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
  
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
 
|
 
|
−
| t͡s
 +
| t͡s   {{cs|dhm|zh}}
−
| t͡ʃ
 +
| t͡ʃ   {{cs|dhm|ch}}
 
|
 
|
 
| (q͡χ)
  
| (q͡χ)
Line 128: Line 135:
 
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
  
! {{small|[[Wikipedia:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
 
|
 
|
−
| d͡z
 +
| d͡z   {{cs|dhm|dz}}
−
| d͡ʒ
 +
| d͡ʒ   {{cs|dhm|jh}}
 
|
 
|
 
|
  
|
Line 136: Line 143:
 
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant]]}}
  
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|approximant]]}}
 
|
  
|
  +
| l   {{cs|dhm|l}}
−
| l
  
 
|
 
|
 
|
  
|
Line 143: Line 150:
 
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]}}
  
!{{small|[[Wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]}}
 
|
 
|
  +
| r   {{cs|dhm|r}}
−
| r
  
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
−
| ʀ̝̊
 +
| ʀ̝̊   {{cs|dhm|rh}}
 
|-
  
|-
 
|}
  
|}
Line 158: Line 165:
 
|-
  
|-
 
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
  
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
  +
| i   {{cs|dhm|i}}
−
| i
  
  +
| u   {{cs|dhm|y}}
−
| u
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
! [[Wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
  
! [[Wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
  +
| e   {{cs|dhm|e}}
−
| e
  
  +
| o   {{cs|dhm|o}}
−
| o
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
  
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
−
| colspan=2| a
 +
| colspan=2| a   {{cs|dhm|á}}
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
==Writing system==
  
==Writing system==
  +
{{main|Dhimze script}}
  +
  +
Dhimze is written using the modern Dhimze script, which is used by a variety of languages around the world. It is an [[wikipedia:Abugida|alphasyllabary]] which has 22 consonant letters, 4 vowel markers and 1 vowel letter. Natively, the script is called {{cs|dhm|ávpejhi}} ''avpeji'', after the first letters in the alphabetical order.
  +
  +
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
  +
|+ Modern Dhimze script
  +
! Letter
  +
! Romanization
  +
! Name
  +
! IPA<br> transcription
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|á}}
  +
| ''a''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|ákni}}<br>''akni''
  +
| [ä]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|y}}
  +
| ''u''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|yni}}<br>''uni''
  +
| [u]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|v}}
  +
| ''v''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|vyni}}<br>''vuni''
  +
| [v]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|p}}
  +
| ''p''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|pán;}}<br>''pan''
  +
| [pʰ]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|e}}
  +
| ''e''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|eri}}<br>''eri''
  +
| [e]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|jh}}
  +
| ''j''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|jhin;}}<br>''jin''
  +
| [d͡ʒ]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|s}}
  +
| ''s''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|syki}}<br>''suki''
  +
| [s]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|t}}
  +
| ''t''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|tym;}}<br>''tum''
  +
| [tʰ]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|k}}
  +
| ''k''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|kys;}}<br>''kus''
  +
| [kʰ]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|q}}
  +
| ''q''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|qys;}}<br>''qus''
  +
| [qʰ]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|ch}}
  +
| ''c''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|chi}}<br>''ci''
  +
| [t͡ʃ]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|z}}
  +
| ''z''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|zi}}<br>''zi''
  +
| [z]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|i}}
  +
| ''i''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|ini}}<br>''ini''
  +
| [i]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|r}}
  +
| ''r''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|rit;}}<br>''rit''
  +
| [r]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|rh}}
  +
| ''ṙ''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|pásvinit;-rit;}}<br>''pasvinit rit''
  +
| [ʀ̝̊]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|o}}
  +
| ''o''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|o}}<br>''o''
  +
| [o]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|m}}
  +
| ''m''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|mi}}<br>''mi''
  +
| [m]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|g}}
  +
| ''g''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|gim;}}<br>''gim''
  +
| [g]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|gh}}
  +
| ''gh''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|gha}}<br>''gha''
  +
| [ɣ]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|l}}
  +
| ''l''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|lit;}}<br>''lit''
  +
| [l]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|n}}
  +
| ''n''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|nán;}}<br>''nan''
  +
| [n]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|d}}
  +
| ''d''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|dim;}}<br>''dim''
  +
| [d]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|b}}
  +
| ''b''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|bár;}}<br>''bar''
  +
| [b]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|sh}}
  +
| ''sh''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|shvi}}<br>''shvi''
  +
| [ʃ]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|c}}
  +
| ''kh''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|ca}}<br>''kha''
  +
| [x]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|zh}}
  +
| ''ts''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|zha}}<br>''tsa''
  +
| [t͡s]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|dz}}
  +
| ''dz''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|dza}}<br>''dza''
  +
| [d͡z]
  +
|-
  +
! {{cs|dhm|h}}
  +
| ''h''
  +
| {{cs|dhm|h}}<br>''ha''
  +
| [h], [x]
  +
|}
   
 
==Morphology==
  
==Morphology==
 
===Verbs===
  
===Verbs===
−
Dhimze verbs follow an [[Wikipedia:Agglutinative language|agglutinative]] structure, starting from a verb stem and adding on affixes depending on [[Wikipedia:Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Wikipedia:Grammatical person|person]], [[Wikipedia:Grammatical number|number]], [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|mood]], [[Wikipedia:Voice (grammar)|voice]] and [[Wikipedia:Deixis|deixis]]. The pattern of affixes is the following: ''deixis-person-<u>stem</u>-voice-mood-tense-number''. Most of the affixes do not feature vowels, and an epenthetic ''i'' is usually added to break up clusters as well as at the end.
  
−  
−
* '''Verbal deixis''' has three levels of distinction:
  
−
** '''stative''', for stationary actions, is unmarked.
  
−
** '''venitive''', for incoming actions, is prefixed with ''m-''.
  
−
** '''andative''', for outgoing actions, is prefixed with ''k-''.
  
−
* There are three '''grammatical persons''':
  
−
** the first person is marked with ''-v-''.
  
−
** the second person is marked with ''-gh-''.
  
−
** the third person is marked with ''-m-'', which becomes ''-n-'' if any of the surrounding consonants are labial.
  
−
* There are only two degrees of grammatical '''voice''': '''active''' (unmarked) and '''passive''' (marked with ''-r-'').
  
−
* There are three grammatical '''moods''':
  
−
** '''indicative''' is unmarked.
  
−
** '''[[Wikipedia:Irrealis mood|irrealis]]''', for actions not known or certain to happen, events that are hoped or expected, or events that are assumed, is marked with ''-ṙ-''.
  
−
** '''[[Wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional]]''', for actions that depend on another condition, is marked with ''-sh-''.
  
−
* There are four '''tenses''', which correspond to certain tense-aspect combinations:
  
−
** the '''present''' tense is marked with ''-kh-''.
  
−
** the '''imperfect''' tense, for ongoing actions in the past, is unmarked.
  
−
** the '''preterite''' tense, for single punctual actions in the past, is marked with ''-v-''.
  
−
** the '''future''' tense is marked with ''-t-''.
  
−
* Finally, the '''plural''' is marked with ''-m-'', which becomes ''-n-'' if any of the surrounding consonants are labial.
  
−
All of these affixes combine into an extensive conjugation system, with complex forms such as ''mghrvnrshvin'' "[You] could have come to be spoken", from the stem ''-rvn-'' "to speak".
  
   
 
===Nouns===
  
===Nouns===
Line 201: Line 337:
 
|+Examples
  
|+Examples
 
!&nbsp;
  
!&nbsp;
−
!''deli''<br>"daughter" (an.)
 +
!{{cs|dhm|deli}}<br>{{small|''deli''}}<br>"daughter" (an.)
−
!''jadzin''<br>"voice" (n.)
 +
!{{cs|dhm|jhádzin;}}<br>{{small|''jadzin''}}<br>"voice" (n.)
−
!''tovsi''<br>"rake" (inan.)
 +
!{{cs|dhm|tove}}<br>{{small|''tove''}}<br>"rake" (inan.)
 
|-
  
|-
 
![[Wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Nominative case|Nominative]]
−
| ''deli''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|deli}}<br>{{small|''deli''}}
−
| ''jadzin''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|jhádzin;}}<br>{{small|''jadzin''}}
  +
| {{cs|dhm|tove}}<br>{{small|''tove''}}
−
| ''tovsi''
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
![[Wikipedia:Direct case|Direct]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Direct case|Direct]]
−
| ''delin''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|delin;}}<br>{{small|''delin''}}
−
| ''jadzim''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|jhádzim;}}<br>{{small|''jadzim''}}
 
| n/a
  
| n/a
 
|-
  
|-
 
![[Wikipedia:Oblique case|Oblique]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Oblique case|Oblique]]
 
| n/a
  
| n/a
−
| ''jadzai''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|jhádzái}}<br>{{small|''jadzai''}}
−
| ''tovri''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|tovri}}<br>{{small|''tovri''}}
 
|-
  
|-
 
![[Wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Genitive case|Genitive]]
−
| ''delikhs''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|delics;}}<br>{{small|''delikhs''}}
−
| ''jadzikhs''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|jhádzics;}}<br>{{small|''jadzikhs''}}
−
| ''tovks''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|tovks;}}<br>{{small|''tovks''}}
 
|-
  
|-
 
![[Wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Locative case|Locative]]
−
| ''delkh''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|delc;}}<br>{{small|''delkh''}}
  +
| {{cs|dhm|jhádzit;}}<br>{{small|''jadzit''}}
−
| ''jadzt''
  
−
| ''tovki''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|tovki}}<br>{{small|''tovki''}}
 
|-
  
|-
 
![[Wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]]
  
![[Wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]]
−
| ''deli''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|deli}}<br>{{small|''deli''}}
−
| ''jadzi''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|jhádzi}}<br>{{small|''jadzi''}}
−
| ''tovia''
 +
| {{cs|dhm|toviá}}<br>{{small|''tovia''}}
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 253: Line 389:
 
|-
  
|-
 
! ''-gi''
  
! ''-gi''
−
| kni → kingi
 +
| ksuli → ksulgi
 
|-
  
|-
 
! ''-mi''
  
! ''-mi''
 
| ghari → gharmi
  
| ghari → gharmi
  +
|-
  +
! ''-ni''
  +
| ciabs → ciabni
 
|-
  
|-
 
! ''-a''
  
! ''-a''
Line 265: Line 404:
 
|-
  
|-
 
! ''-ai''
  
! ''-ai''
−
| ṙeqiin → ṙeqiai
 +
| prkheba → prkhebai
 
|-
  
|-
 
! ''-e''
  
! ''-e''
Line 271: Line 410:
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
However, some nouns also have consonantal changes due to irregularities, e.g. ''dzi'' "language" → ''dzisha'' "languages", ''vdi'' "fish" (sg.) → ''vsia'' "fish" (pl.).
 +
Additionally, some nouns also have consonantal changes due to irregularities, e.g. ''dzi'' "language" → ''dzisha'' "languages", ''vdi'' "fish" (sg.) → ''vsia'' "fish" (pl.), ''bdi'' "tip" → ''bats'' "tips".
  +
  +
However, due to the fact that inanimate nouns are treated as mass nouns, their plural forms are seldom used. Some nouns use the plural form only to refer specifically to a group of individuals rather than a whole.
   
 
===Pronouns===
  
===Pronouns===
Line 324: Line 465:
 
==Vocabulary==
  
==Vocabulary==
   
−
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Yasgan languages]]
 +
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Yasgan languages]][[Category:Dhimrai]]

Latest revision as of 05:47, 9 March 2024

Dhimze
jhmidzi
Pronunciation[ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]
Native toDhimrai
EthnicityDhimze people
Native speakers
X
Yasgan
  • Dhimzic
    • Berisic
      • Dhimze
Early forms
Classical Dhimze
  • Middle Dhimze
    • Imperial Dhimze
Dhimze script
Official status
Official language in
List
Recognised minority
language in
  Areas where Dhimze is the majority language
  Areas where Dhimze is a minority language

Dhimze (jhmidzi [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]) is a Dhimzic language of the Yasgan family. It descended from Classical Dhimze, which was the lingua franca of the ancient Dhimze civilisation. Most of its closest relatives from the Dhimzic family are now long extinct, with the exception of Gharzi, which also descended from Classical Dhimze. Throughout its history, Dhimze has been a prestige language in western Yazland and other regions, but its use as a scientific and artistic language has faded out since the end of the Copper War.

An attempt to preserve Dhimze has been made in Neo-Dhimze, a revival attempt of Classical Dhimze with modernised pronounciation. Neo-Dhimze was primarily for use by the nobility and was later adopted by conservative writers and journalists. In 4550 CY, roughly 19% of the population claimed to have some understanding of Neo-Dhimze, and by 4610 CY only about 4% claim to speak it to some degree.

Dhimze is spoken across the Dhimze colonial empire, which spans several continents from Huo to Ashnan. In Dhimze proper, approximately 83% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 94% claim to be fluent. In New Dhimze, approximately 42% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 51% consider themselves fluent.

History

Classical Dhimze

Classical Dhimze

Imperial Dhimze

Modern Dhimze

Geographic distribution

Yazland

Etzavaz

Ashnan

Huo

Varieties

Current status and importance

Phonology

Consonant phonemes in Dhimze
Labial Alveolar Palatal/
Postalveolar 		Velar Uvular
Nasal m   m n   n
Stop aspirated pʰ   p tʰ   t kʰ   k qʰ   q
voiced b   b d   d ɡ   g
Fricative voiceless s   s ʃ   sh x   c
voiced v   v z   z ɣ   gh
Affricate voiceless t͡s   zh t͡ʃ   ch (q͡χ)
voiced d͡z   dz d͡ʒ   jh
Liquid approximant l   l
rhotic r   r ʀ̝̊   rh
Vowel phonemes in Dhimze
  Front Back
Close i   i u   y
Mid e   e o   o
Open a   á

Writing system

Main article: Dhimze script

Dhimze is written using the modern Dhimze script, which is used by a variety of languages around the world. It is an alphasyllabary which has 22 consonant letters, 4 vowel markers and 1 vowel letter. Natively, the script is called ávpejhi avpeji, after the first letters in the alphabetical order.

Modern Dhimze script
Letter Romanization Name IPA
transcription
á a ákni
akni 		[ä]
y u yni
uni 		[u]
v v vyni
vuni 		[v]
p p pán;
pan 		[pʰ]
e e eri
eri 		[e]
jh j jhin;
jin 		[d͡ʒ]
s s syki
suki 		[s]
t t tym;
tum 		[tʰ]
k k kys;
kus 		[kʰ]
q q qys;
qus 		[qʰ]
ch c chi
ci 		[t͡ʃ]
z z zi
zi 		[z]
i i ini
ini 		[i]
r r rit;
rit 		[r]
rh ṙ pásvinit;-rit;
pasvinit rit 		[ʀ̝̊]
o o o
o 		[o]
m m mi
mi 		[m]
g g gim;
gim 		[g]
gh gh gha
gha 		[ɣ]
l l lit;
lit 		[l]
n n nán;
nan 		[n]
d d dim;
dim 		[d]
b b bár;
bar 		[b]
sh sh shvi
shvi 		[ʃ]
c kh ca
kha 		[x]
zh ts zha
tsa 		[t͡s]
dz dz dza
dza 		[d͡z]
h h h
ha 		[h], [x]

Morphology

Verbs

Nouns

Dhimze nouns decline according to three grammatical classes (animate, neuter and inanimate) and six cases (nominative, direct, oblique, genitive, locative, vocative).

Examples
  deli
deli
"daughter" (an.) 		jhádzin;
jadzin
"voice" (n.) 		tove
tove
"rake" (inan.)
Nominative deli
deli 		jhádzin;
jadzin 		tove
tove
Direct delin;
delin 		jhádzim;
jadzim 		n/a
Oblique n/a jhádzái
jadzai 		tovri
tovri
Genitive delics;
delikhs 		jhádzics;
jadzikhs 		tovks;
tovks
Locative delc;
delkh 		jhádzit;
jadzit 		tovki
tovki
Vocative deli
deli 		jhádzi
jadzi 		toviá
tovia

Dhimze uses differential object marking in its nouns depending on their animacy class and definiteness.

  • Animate nouns are always marked with the direct case.
  • Inanimate nouns are always marked with the oblique case.
  • Neuter nouns are marked differently depending on their definiteness:
    • Definite neuter nouns are marked with the direct case.
    • Indefinite neuter nouns are marked with the oblique case.

Plurals in Dhimze are highly irregular, being inherited directly from Proto-Yasgan's pluralisation system, the pattern of which has since been lost. The various plural endings that can be found are the following:

Plural endings
  Example
-si qaṙ → qaṙsi
-gi ksuli → ksulgi
-mi ghari → gharmi
-ni ciabs → ciabni
-a jvzirin → jvzira
-ia tovsi → tovia
-ai prkheba → prkhebai
-e teta → tete

Additionally, some nouns also have consonantal changes due to irregularities, e.g. dzi "language" → dzisha "languages", vdi "fish" (sg.) → vsia "fish" (pl.), bdi "tip" → bats "tips".

However, due to the fact that inanimate nouns are treated as mass nouns, their plural forms are seldom used. Some nouns use the plural form only to refer specifically to a group of individuals rather than a whole.

Pronouns

Pronouns in Dhimze are distinguished based on person, number and, in the third person, animacy. Additionally, the reflexive pronouns are formed by adding the suffix -sva "like, as" for the first and second person or the word smtusi "body" for the third person.

Pronouns in Dhimze
  1st person 2nd person 3rd person
SG PL SG PL SG PL
Nominative eqi dzai bi qe idi (an.)
in (n.)
dzi (inan.) 		inai
Direct ti din jvalin qen im (an., n.)
dzi (inan.) 		imia
Genitive tmi jvim qem nikhs (an., n.)
diks (inan.) 		nikhsia
Reflexive eqsva dzaisva bisva qesva idi smtus (an.)
in smtus (n.)
dzi smtus (inan.) 		inai smtus

Vocabulary

Retrieved from "https://maruneko.autumns.page/mediawiki/index.php?title=Dhimze_language&oldid=5762"