Dhimze language: Difference between revisions
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+ | | ancestor = [[Classical Dhimze language|Classical Dhimze]] |
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+ | | ancestor2 = Middle Dhimze |
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− | '''Dhimze''' ({{cs|dhm|jhmidzi}} [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]) is a [[Dhimzic languages|Dhimzic]] language of the [[Yasgan languages|Yasgan]] family. It descended from [[ |
+ | '''Dhimze''' ({{cs|dhm|jhmidzi}} [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]) is a [[Dhimzic languages|Dhimzic]] language of the [[Yasgan languages|Yasgan]] family. It descended from [[Classical Dhimze language|Classical Dhimze]], which was the ''[[Wikipedia:Lingua franca|lingua franca]]'' of the [[Ancient Dhimrai|ancient Dhimze]] civilisation. Most of its closest relatives from the Dhimzic family are now long extinct, with the exception of [[Gharzi language|Gharzi]], which also descended from Classical Dhimze. Throughout its history, Dhimze has been a prestige language in western [[Yazland]] and other regions, but its use as a scientific and artistic language has faded out since the end of the [[Copper War]]. |
− | An attempt to preserve Dhimze has been made in [[Neo-Dhimze language|Neo-Dhimze]], a revival attempt of |
+ | An attempt to preserve Dhimze has been made in [[Neo-Dhimze language|Neo-Dhimze]], a revival attempt of Classical Dhimze with modernised pronounciation. Neo-Dhimze was primarily for use by the nobility and was later adopted by conservative writers and journalists. In 4550 CY, roughly 19% of the population claimed to have some understanding of Neo-Dhimze, and by 4610 CY only about 4% claim to speak it to some degree. |
Dhimze is spoken across the [[Dhimze colonial empire]], which spans several continents from [[Huo]] to [[Ashnan]]. In Dhimze proper, approximately 83% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 94% claim to be fluent. In [[New Dhimze]], approximately 42% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 51% consider themselves fluent. |
Dhimze is spoken across the [[Dhimze colonial empire]], which spans several continents from [[Huo]] to [[Ashnan]]. In Dhimze proper, approximately 83% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 94% claim to be fluent. In [[New Dhimze]], approximately 42% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 51% consider themselves fluent. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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− | === |
+ | ===Classical Dhimze=== |
===Classical Dhimze=== |
===Classical Dhimze=== |
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===Imperial Dhimze=== |
===Imperial Dhimze=== |
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* [[Modern Standard Dhimze]] |
* [[Modern Standard Dhimze]] |
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+ | * [[Svilavidze language|Svilavidze]] |
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− | * [[Southern Dhimze]] |
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− | + | * [[Cernzishdzi Dhimze]] |
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* [[Ashnan Dhimze]] |
* [[Ashnan Dhimze]] |
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* [[Etzavazi Dhimze]] |
* [[Etzavazi Dhimze]] |
Revision as of 07:30, 6 July 2023
Dhimze | |
---|---|
jhmidzi | |
Pronunciation | [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi] |
Native to | Dhimrai |
Ethnicity | Dhimze people |
Native speakers | X |
Yasgan
| |
Early forms | Classical Dhimze
|
Dhimze script | |
Official status | |
Official language in | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Areas where Dhimze is the majority language Areas where Dhimze is a minority language |
Dhimze (jhmidzi [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]) is a Dhimzic language of the Yasgan family. It descended from Classical Dhimze, which was the lingua franca of the ancient Dhimze civilisation. Most of its closest relatives from the Dhimzic family are now long extinct, with the exception of Gharzi, which also descended from Classical Dhimze. Throughout its history, Dhimze has been a prestige language in western Yazland and other regions, but its use as a scientific and artistic language has faded out since the end of the Copper War.
An attempt to preserve Dhimze has been made in Neo-Dhimze, a revival attempt of Classical Dhimze with modernised pronounciation. Neo-Dhimze was primarily for use by the nobility and was later adopted by conservative writers and journalists. In 4550 CY, roughly 19% of the population claimed to have some understanding of Neo-Dhimze, and by 4610 CY only about 4% claim to speak it to some degree.
Dhimze is spoken across the Dhimze colonial empire, which spans several continents from Huo to Ashnan. In Dhimze proper, approximately 83% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 94% claim to be fluent. In New Dhimze, approximately 42% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 51% consider themselves fluent.
History
Classical Dhimze
Classical Dhimze
Imperial Dhimze
Modern Dhimze
Geographic distribution
Yazland
Etzavaz
Ashnan
Huo
Varieties
Current status and importance
Phonology
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Uvular | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m m | n n | ||||
Stop | aspirated | pʰ p | tʰ t | kʰ k | qʰ q | |
voiced | b b | d d | ɡ g | |||
Fricative | voiceless | s s | ʃ sh | x c | ||
voiced | v v | z z | ɣ gh | |||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s zh | t͡ʃ ch | (q͡χ) | ||
voiced | d͡z dz | d͡ʒ jh | ||||
Liquid | approximant | l l | ||||
rhotic | r r | ʀ̝̊ rh |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i i | u y |
Mid | e e | o o |
Open | a á |
Writing system
Dhimze is written using the modern Dhimze script, which is used by a variety of languages around the world. It is an alphasyllabary which has 22 consonant letters, 4 vowel markers and 1 vowel letter. Natively, the script is called ávpejhi avpeji, after the first letters in the alphabetical order.
Letter | Romanization | Name | IPA transcription |
---|---|---|---|
á | a | ákni akni |
[ä] |
y | u | yni uni |
[u] |
v | v | vyni vuni |
[v] |
p | p | pán; pan |
[pʰ] |
e | e | eri eri |
[e] |
jh | j | jhin; jin |
[d͡ʒ] |
s | s | syki suki |
[s] |
t | t | tym; tum |
[tʰ] |
k | k | kys; kus |
[kʰ] |
q | q | qys; qus |
[qʰ] |
ch | c | chi ci |
[t͡ʃ] |
z | z | zi zi |
[z] |
i | i | ini ini |
[i] |
r | r | rit; rit |
[r] |
rh | ṙ | pásvinit;-rit; pasvinit rit |
[ʀ̝̊] |
o | o | o o |
[o] |
m | m | mi mi |
[m] |
g | g | gim; gim |
[g] |
gh | gh | gha gha |
[ɣ] |
l | l | lit; lit |
[l] |
n | n | nán; nan |
[n] |
d | d | dim; dim |
[d] |
b | b | bár; bar |
[b] |
sh | sh | shvi shvi |
[ʃ] |
c | kh | ca kha |
[x] |
zh | ts | zha tsa |
[t͡s] |
dz | dz | dza dza |
[d͡z] |
h | h | h ha |
[h], [x] |
Morphology
Verbs
Nouns
Dhimze nouns decline according to three grammatical classes (animate, neuter and inanimate) and six cases (nominative, direct, oblique, genitive, locative, vocative).
deli deli "daughter" (an.) |
jhádzin; jadzin "voice" (n.) |
tovsi tovsi "rake" (inan.) | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | deli deli |
jhádzin; jadzin |
tovsi tovsi |
Direct | delin; deli |
jhádzim; jadzim |
n/a |
Oblique | n/a | jhádzái jadzai |
tovri tovri |
Genitive | delics; delikhs |
jhádzics; jadzikhs |
tovks; tovks |
Locative | delc; delkh |
jhádzit; jadzit |
tovki tovki |
Vocative | deli deli |
jhádzi jadzi |
toviá tovia |
Dhimze uses differential object marking in its nouns depending on their animacy class and definiteness.
- Animate nouns are always marked with the direct case.
- Inanimate nouns are always marked with the oblique case.
- Neuter nouns are marked differently depending on their definiteness:
- Definite neuter nouns are marked with the direct case.
- Indefinite neuter nouns are marked with the oblique case.
Plurals in Dhimze are highly irregular, being inherited directly from Proto-Yasgan's pluralisation system, the pattern of which has since been lost. The various plural endings that can be found are the following:
Example | |
---|---|
-si | qaṙ → qaṙsi |
-gi | kni → kingi |
-mi | ghari → gharmi |
-a | jvzirin → jvzira |
-ia | tovsi → tovia |
-ai | ṙeqiin → ṙeqiai |
-e | teta → tete |
However, some nouns also have consonantal changes due to irregularities, e.g. dzi "language" → dzisha "languages", vdi "fish" (sg.) → vsia "fish" (pl.).
Pronouns
Pronouns in Dhimze are distinguished based on person, number and, in the third person, animacy. Additionally, the reflexive pronouns are formed by adding the suffix -sva "like, as" for the first and second person or the word smtusi "body" for the third person.
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SG | PL | SG | PL | SG | PL | |
Nominative | eqi | dzai | bi | qe | idi (an.) in (n.) dzi (inan.) |
inai |
Direct | ti | din | jvalin | qen | im (an., n.) dzi (inan.) |
imia |
Genitive | tmi | jvim | qem | nikhs (an., n.) diks (inan.) |
nikhsia | |
Reflexive | eqsva | dzaisva | bisva | qesva | idi smtus (an.) in smtus (n.) dzi smtus (inan.) |
inai smtus |