Dhimze language

Dhimze
jhmidzi
Pronunciation	[ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]
Native to	Dhimrai
Ethnicity	Dhimze people
Native speakers	X
Language family	Yasgan Dhimzic Berisic Dhimze
Early forms	Classical Dhimze Middle Dhimze Imperial Dhimze
Writing system	Dhimze script
Official status
Official language in	List Dhimrai New Dhimrai Dhimrai colonies
Recognised minority language in	List Gharzere Giidirtschizmii Dwichmii Niichstschüzrii
Areas where Dhimze is the majority language   Areas where Dhimze is a minority language

Dhimze (jhmidzi [ˈd͡ʒmid͡zi]) is a Dhimzic language of the Yasgan family. It descended from Classical Dhimze, which was the lingua franca of the ancient Dhimze civilisation. Most of its closest relatives from the Dhimzic family are now long extinct, with the exception of Gharzi, which also descended from Classical Dhimze. Throughout its history, Dhimze has been a prestige language in western Yazland and other regions, but its use as a scientific and artistic language has faded out since the end of the Copper War.

An attempt to preserve Dhimze has been made in Neo-Dhimze, a revival attempt of Classical Dhimze with modernised pronounciation. Neo-Dhimze was primarily for use by the nobility and was later adopted by conservative writers and journalists. In 4550 CY, roughly 19% of the population claimed to have some understanding of Neo-Dhimze, and by 4610 CY only about 4% claim to speak it to some degree.

Dhimze is spoken across the Dhimze colonial empire, which spans several continents from Huo to Ashnan. In Dhimze proper, approximately 83% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 94% claim to be fluent. In New Dhimze, approximately 42% of the population speaks Dhimze as their first language, and in total 51% consider themselves fluent.

Varieties

• Modern Standard Dhimze
• Svilavidze
• Cernzishdzi Dhimze
• Ashnan Dhimze
• Etzavazi Dhimze
• Islander Dhimze
• Huo Dhimze
  • Dhimze creoles

Phonology

Consonant phonemes in Dhimze

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal/ Postalveolar	Velar	Uvular
Nasal		m   m	n   n
Stop	aspirated	pʰ   p	tʰ   t		kʰ   k	qʰ   q
	voiced	b   b	d   d		ɡ   g
Fricative	voiceless		s   s	ʃ   sh	x   c
	voiced	v   v	z   z		ɣ   gh
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s   zh	t͡ʃ   ch		(q͡χ)
	voiced		d͡z   dz	d͡ʒ   jh
Liquid	approximant		l   l
	rhotic		r   r			ʀ̝̊   rh

Vowel phonemes in Dhimze

	Front	Back
Close	i   i	u   y
Mid	e   e	o   o
Open	a   á

Writing system

Main article: Dhimze script

Dhimze is written using the modern Dhimze script, which is used by a variety of languages around the world. It is an alphasyllabary which has 22 consonant letters, 4 vowel markers and 1 vowel letter. Natively, the script is called ávpejhi avpeji, after the first letters in the alphabetical order.

Modern Dhimze script

Letter	Romanization	Name	IPA transcription
á	a	ákni akni	[ä]
y	u	yni uni	[u]
v	v	vyni vuni	[v]
p	p	pán; pan	[pʰ]
e	e	eri eri	[e]
jh	j	jhin; jin	[d͡ʒ]
s	s	syki suki	[s]
t	t	tym; tum	[tʰ]
k	k	kys; kus	[kʰ]
q	q	qys; qus	[qʰ]
ch	c	chi ci	[t͡ʃ]
z	z	zi zi	[z]
i	i	ini ini	[i]
r	r	rit; rit	[r]
rh	ṙ	pásvinit;-rit; pasvinit rit	[ʀ̝̊]
o	o	o o	[o]
m	m	mi mi	[m]
g	g	gim; gim	[g]
gh	gh	gha gha	[ɣ]
l	l	lit; lit	[l]
n	n	nán; nan	[n]
d	d	dim; dim	[d]
b	b	bár; bar	[b]
sh	sh	shvi shvi	[ʃ]
c	kh	ca kha	[x]
zh	ts	zha tsa	[t͡s]
dz	dz	dza dza	[d͡z]
h	h	h ha	[h], [x]

Morphology

Nouns

Dhimze nouns decline according to three grammatical classes (animate, neuter and inanimate) and six cases (nominative, direct, oblique, genitive, locative, vocative).

Examples

	deli deli "daughter" (an.)	jhádzin; jadzin "voice" (n.)	tove tove "rake" (inan.)
Nominative	deli deli	jhádzin; jadzin	tove tove
Direct	delin; delin	jhádzim; jadzim	n/a
Oblique	n/a	jhádzái jadzai	tovri tovri
Genitive	delics; delikhs	jhádzics; jadzikhs	tovks; tovks
Locative	delc; delkh	jhádzit; jadzit	tovki tovki
Vocative	deli deli	jhádzi jadzi	toviá tovia

Dhimze uses differential object marking in its nouns depending on their animacy class and definiteness.

• Animate nouns are always marked with the direct case.
• Inanimate nouns are always marked with the oblique case.
• Neuter nouns are marked differently depending on their definiteness:
  • Definite neuter nouns are marked with the direct case.
  • Indefinite neuter nouns are marked with the oblique case.

Plurals in Dhimze are highly irregular, being inherited directly from Proto-Yasgan's pluralisation system, the pattern of which has since been lost. The various plural endings that can be found are the following:

Plural endings

	Example
-si	qaṙ → qaṙsi
-gi	ksuli → ksulgi
-mi	ghari → gharmi
-ni	ciabs → ciabni
-a	jvzirin → jvzira
-ia	tovsi → tovia
-ai	prkheba → prkhebai
-e	teta → tete

Additionally, some nouns also have consonantal changes due to irregularities, e.g. dzi "language" → dzisha "languages", vdi "fish" (sg.) → vsia "fish" (pl.), bdi "tip" → bats "tips".

However, due to the fact that inanimate nouns are treated as mass nouns, their plural forms are seldom used. Some nouns use the plural form only to refer specifically to a group of individuals rather than a whole.

Pronouns

Pronouns in Dhimze are distinguished based on person, number and, in the third person, animacy. Additionally, the reflexive pronouns are formed by adding the suffix -sva "like, as" for the first and second person or the word smtusi "body" for the third person.

Pronouns in Dhimze

	1st person		2nd person		3rd person
	SG	PL	SG	PL	SG	PL
Nominative	eqi	dzai	bi	qe	idi (an.) in (n.) dzi (inan.)	inai
Direct	ti	din	jvalin	qen	im (an., n.) dzi (inan.)	imia
Genitive	tmi		jvim	qem	nikhs (an., n.) diks (inan.)	nikhsia
Reflexive	eqsva	dzaisva	bisva	qesva	idi smtus (an.) in smtus (n.) dzi smtus (inan.)	inai smtus